{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T14:08:47Z","timestamp":1790690927701,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"ASME International","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study evaluated the biomechanical effectiveness of antirotation load-leg support in rear-facing child restraint systems (CRSs) under proper and improper (misuse) installation conditions. We conducted eight FMVSS 213 sled tests using a CRABI 12-month anthropomorphic test device under four installation configurations-proper installation, loose seat, loose harness, and both loose seat and loose harness-with and without the load-leg support. The use of the load leg reduced head and neck injury metrics in all installation conditions: mean HIC36 decreased from 682 to 571 (by 16%) and AIS\u2009\u2265\u20094 head injury probability from 33% to 21% (p\u2009=\u20090.049); mean Nij decreased from 1.39 to 1.28 (by 8%), and AIS\u2009\u2265\u20094 neck injury probability from 26% to 24% (p\u2009=\u20090.069); and forward CRS rotation by 6\u2009deg\u201319\u2009deg, with larger reductions under proper installation and loose seat conditions. In contrast, the load-leg use increased chest 3-ms acceleration by 5% (from 62\u2009g to 65\u2009g), and AIS\u2009\u2265\u20094 thoracic injury probability from 58% to 63% (p\u2009=\u20090.049), suggesting that because a 3-ms metric captures only short-duration loading, these findings should be cautiously interpreted. Force-plate measurements showed that the load leg transferred 90% (242\u2009N\u00b7s) of the estimated CRS-ATD forward momentum under proper installation and 93% (249\u2009N\u00b7s) under loose seat conditions, compared to 70% (189\u2009N\u00b7s) under loose-harness conditions. These findings show that load legs provide effective head and neck protection, especially when the harness maintains strong child-CRS coupling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4072690","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T10:34:54Z","timestamp":1789641294000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Load-Leg Support as a Biomechanical Intervention in Rear-Facing Child Restraint Misuse"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"148","author":[{"given":"Antonio S.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UPPAbaby , Rockland, MA 02370"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hossein","family":"Bahreinizad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02y3ad647","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Florida Industrial and Systems Engineering, , Gainesville, FL 32611"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8058-5368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nade","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0405mnx93","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Texas Tech University Industrial, Manufacturing, and Systems Engineering, , Lubbock, TX 79409"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8567-1759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suman K.","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02y3ad647","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Florida Industrial and Systems Engineering, , Gainesville, FL 32611"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092909450089900_bib1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2025, \u201cWISQUARS\u2014Web-Based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System,\u201d Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, accessed June 20, 2026, https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/injury\/wisqars\/index.html"},{"key":"2026092909450089900_bib2","article-title":"Children: 2022 Data","author":"National Center for Statistics and Analysis","year":"2024"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026092909450089900_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1050","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-0215","article-title":"Technical Report-Child Passenger Safety","volume":"127","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2026092909450089900_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.04.044","article-title":"Factors Associated With Pediatric Mortality From Motor Vehicle Crashes in the United States: A State-Based Analysis","volume":"187","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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