{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T05:04:43Z","timestamp":1778648683304,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"ASME International","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Constructal theory and its applications to various fields ranging from engineering to natural living and inanimate systems, and to social organization and economics, are reviewed in this paper. The constructal law states that if a system has freedom to morph it develops in time the flow architecture that provides easier access to the currents that flow through it. It is shown how constructal theory provides a unifying picture for the development of flow architectures in systems with internal flows (e.g., mass, heat, electricity, goods, and people). Early and recent works on constructal theory by various authors covering the fields of heat and mass transfer in engineered systems, inanimate flow structures (river basins, global circulations) living structures, social organization, and economics are reviewed. The relation between the constructal law and the thermodynamic optimization method of entropy generation minimization is outlined. The constructal law is a self-standing principle, which is distinct from the Second Law of Thermodynamics. The place of the constructal law among other fundamental principles, such as the Second Law, the principle of least action and the principles of symmetry and invariance is also presented. The review ends with the epistemological and philosophical implications of the constructal law.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2204075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,21]],"date-time":"2006-08-21T22:05:40Z","timestamp":1156197940000},"page":"269-282","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":218,"title":["Constructal Theory: From Engineering to Physics, and How Flow Systems Develop Shape and Structure"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"A. Heitor","family":"Reis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department and \u00c9vora Geophysics Center, University of \u00c9vora, R. Rom\u00e3o Ramalho, 59, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019100411195547000_c1","volume-title":"Shape and Structure, From Engineering to Nature","author":"Bejan"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c2","volume-title":"Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics","author":"Bejan","edition":"2nd ed."},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/0017-9310(96)00175-5","article-title":"Constructal-Theory Network of Conducting Paths for Cooling a Heat Generating Volume","volume":"40","author":"Bejan","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0017-9310","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.1016\/S0017-9310(96)00291-8","article-title":"Theory of Organization in Nature: Pulsating Physiological Processes","volume":"40","author":"Bejan","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0017-9310","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"10","key":"2019100411195547000_c5","first-page":"90","article-title":"How Nature Takes Shape","volume":"119","author":"Bejan","journal-title":"Mech. Eng. (Am. Soc. Mech. Eng.)","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0025-6501","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-3159(97)89986-2","article-title":"Constructal Tree Network for Fluid Flow Between a Finite-Size Volume and One Source or Sink","volume":"36","author":"Bejan","journal-title":"Rev. Gen. Therm.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0035-3159","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-3159(97)83647-1","article-title":"Equipartition, Optimal Allocation, and the Constructal Approach to Predicting Organization in Nature","volume":"37","author":"Bejan","journal-title":"Rev. Gen. Therm.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0035-3159","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2004.02.007","article-title":"The Constructal Law and the Thermodynamics of Flow Systems With Configuration","volume":"47","author":"Bejan","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0017-9310","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"1","key":"2019100411195547000_c9","first-page":"85","article-title":"Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Flow System Architectures","volume":"22","author":"Bejan","journal-title":"Heat Technol.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0392-8764","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c10","first-page":"209","article-title":"A Role for Exergy Analysis and Optimization in Aircraft Energy-System Design","volume":"39","author":"Bejan","journal-title":"ASME Advanced Energy Systems"},{"issue":"7","key":"2019100411195547000_c11","first-page":"545","article-title":"Fundamentals of Exergy Analysis, Entropy Generation Minimization, and the Generation of Flow Architecture","volume":"26","author":"Bejan","journal-title":"Int. J. Energy Res.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0363-907X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","volume-title":"Entropy Generation Through Heat and Fluid Flow","author":"Bejan","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3167072"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c13","volume-title":"Entropy Generation Minimization","author":"Bejan"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-8904(00)00038-8","article-title":"Constructal Theory of Economics Structure Generation in Space and Time","volume":"41","author":"Bejan","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manage.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0196-8904","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"4","key":"2019100411195547000_c15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218348X97000553","article-title":"Deterministic Tree Networks for Fluid Flow: Geometry for Minimal Flow Resistance Between a Volume and One Point","volume":"5","author":"Bejan","journal-title":"Fractals","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0218-348X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c16","first-page":"1451","article-title":"Bejan\u2019s Constructal Theory of Equal Potential Distribution","volume":"46","author":"Lewins","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0017-9310","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2825968","article-title":"Two Constructal Routes to Minimal Heat Flow Resistance via Greater Internal Complexity","volume":"121","author":"Bejan","journal-title":"ASME J. Heat Transfer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0022-1481","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2826032","article-title":"Constructal Trees of Convective Fins","volume":"121","author":"Bejan","journal-title":"ASME J. Heat Transfer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0022-1481","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2825918","article-title":"Constructal Three-Dimensional Trees for Conduction Between a Volume and One Point","volume":"120","author":"Ledezma","journal-title":"ASME J. Heat Transfer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0022-1481","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c20","volume-title":"Convection Heat Transfer","author":"Bejan","edition":"3rd ed."},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1002\/er.922","article-title":"Simple Methods for Convection in Porous Media: Scale Analysis and the Intersection of Asymptotes","volume":"27","author":"Bejan","journal-title":"Int. J. Energy Res.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0363-907X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c22","first-page":"711","article-title":"The Formation of a Wall Jet Near a High Temperature Wall Under Microgravity Environment","volume":"96","author":"Battacharjee","journal-title":"ASME Heat Transfer Division"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1016\/0017-9310(94)90213-5","article-title":"Comments on the Optimal Spacing of Parallel Plates Cooled by Forced Convection","volume":"37","author":"Petrescu","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0017-9310","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/S1290-0729(99)80058-1","article-title":"How Nature Takes Shape: Extensions of Constructal Theory to Ducts, Rivers, Turbulence, Cracks, Dendritic Crystals and Spatial Economics","volume":"38","author":"Bejan","journal-title":"Int. J. Therm. Sci.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1290-0729","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"4","key":"2019100411195547000_c25","first-page":"279","article-title":"Constructal Theory: An Engineering View on the Generation of Geometric Form in Living (Flow) Systems","volume":"6","author":"Bejan","journal-title":"Comments on Theoretical Biology"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c26","article-title":"Topology Optimization in Fluid Mechanics","volume-title":"Proccedings of Fifth Congress on Comp. Mech","author":"Borrvall"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3397","DOI":"10.1016\/S0017-9310(03)00136-4","article-title":"A Methodology to Work on Geometrically Complex Heat Systems: The Cases of Heat Conduction Through Composite Slabs","volume":"46","author":"Nakayama","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0017-9310","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-0257(03)00040-5","article-title":"Residence Time Optimised Choice of Tube Diameters and Slit Heights in Distribution Systems for non-Newtonian Liquids","volume":"111","author":"Brod","journal-title":"J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0377-0257","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2820673","article-title":"Questions in Fluid Mechanics: Natural Tree-Shaped Flows","volume":"120","author":"Bejan","journal-title":"J. Fluids Eng.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0098-2202","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"16-18","key":"2019100411195547000_c30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-8904(98)00054-5","article-title":"Constructal Theory: From Thermodynamic and Geometric Optimization to Predicting Shape in Nature","volume":"39","author":"Bejan","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manage.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0196-8904","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1288406","article-title":"From Heat Transfer Principles to Shape and Structure in Nature: Constructal Theory","volume":"122","author":"Bejan","journal-title":"J. Heat Transfer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0022-1481","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/S0017-9310(00)00138-1","article-title":"The Tree of Convective Heat Streams: Its Thermal Insulation Function and the Predicted 3\/4-Power Relation Between Body Heat Loss and Body Size","volume":"44","author":"Bejan","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0017-9310","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"1","key":"2019100411195547000_c33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.2514\/2.3055","article-title":"Constructal Theory: Tree-Shaped Flows and Energy Systems for Aircraft","volume":"40","author":"Bejan","journal-title":"J. Aircr.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0021-8669","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1002\/er.875","article-title":"Constructal Tree-Shaped Paths for Conduction and Convection","volume":"27","author":"Bejan","journal-title":"Int. J. Energy Res.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0363-907X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1002\/er.913","article-title":"Flows in Environmental Fluids and Porous Media","volume":"27","author":"Bejan","journal-title":"Int. J. Energy Res.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0363-907X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0017-9310(99)00353-1","article-title":"Convective Trees of Fluid Channels for Volumetric Cooling","volume":"43","author":"Bejan","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0017-9310","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"4","key":"2019100411195547000_c37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218348X97000553","article-title":"Deterministic Tree Networks for Fluid Flow: Geometry for Minimal Flow Resistance Between a Volume and One Point","volume":"5","author":"Bejan","journal-title":"Fractals","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0218-348X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1115\/IMECE2002-33158","article-title":"Thermodynamic Optimization of Flow Architecture: Dendritic Structures and Optimal Sizes of Components","volume-title":"ASME IMECE","author":"Bejan"},{"issue":"4","key":"2019100411195547000_c39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1515\/JNETDY.2001.022.1","article-title":"Thermodynamic Optimization of Flow Geometry in Mechanical and Civil Engineering","volume":"26","author":"Bejan","journal-title":"J. Non-Equilib. Thermodyn.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0340-0204","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4371(98)00085-5","article-title":"Streets Tree Networks and Urban Growth: Optimal Geometry for Quickest Access Between a Finite-Size Volume and One Point","volume":"255","author":"Bejan","journal-title":"Physica A","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0378-4371","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1016\/S1290-0729(00)01176-5","article-title":"Thermodynamic Optimization of Geometry: T- and Y- Shaped Constructs of Fluid Streams","volume":"39","author":"Bejan","journal-title":"Int. J. Therm. Sci.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1290-0729","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1337654","article-title":"Geometric Optimization of Periodic Flow and Heat Transfer in a Volume Cooled by Parallel Tubes","volume":"123","author":"Rocha","journal-title":"ASME J. Heat Transfer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0022-1481","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1615\/JPorMedia.v2.i1.10","article-title":"Tree Networks for Flows in Porous Media","volume":"2","author":"Errera","journal-title":"J. Porous Media","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1091-028X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0017-9310(01)00080-1","article-title":"Constructal Optimization of Nonuniformly Distributed Tree-Shaped Flow Structures for Conduction","volume":"44","author":"Almogbel","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0017-9310","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"16","key":"2019100411195547000_c45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0017-9310(02)00051-0","article-title":"Tree-Shaped Flow Structures Designed by Minimizing Path Lengths","volume":"45","author":"Lorente","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0017-9310","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1002\/er.907","article-title":"Optimization of Tree-Shaped Flow Distribution Structures Over a Disc-Shaped Area","volume":"27","author":"Lorente","journal-title":"Int. J. Energy Res.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0363-907X","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"1","key":"2019100411195547000_c47","first-page":"15","article-title":"Tree-Shaped Flow Structures for Human-Scale and Small-Scales Applications","volume":"22","author":"Lorente","journal-title":"Heat Technol.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0392-8764","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1016\/S0017-9310(01)00269-1","article-title":"Constructal Design for Cooling a Disc-Shaped Area by Conduction","volume":"45","author":"Rocha","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0017-9310","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"2","key":"2019100411195547000_c49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1063\/1.370855","article-title":"Constructal-theory Tree Networks of \u2018Constant\u2019 Thermal Resistance","volume":"86","author":"Neagu","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0021-8979","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"12","key":"2019100411195547000_c50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7107","DOI":"10.1063\/1.371799","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Tree Constructs of \u2018Constant\u2019 Thermal Resistance","volume":"86","author":"Neagu","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0021-8979","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0017-9310(00)00338-0","article-title":"Tree-Shaped Insulated Designs for the Uniform Distribution of Hot Water Over an Area","volume":"44","author":"Wechsatol","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0017-9310","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/S0017-9310(01)00200-9","article-title":"Development of Tree-Shaped Flows by Adding New Users to Existing Networks of Hot Water Pipes","volume":"45","author":"Wechsatol","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0017-9310","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"25","key":"2019100411195547000_c53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4911","DOI":"10.1016\/S0017-9310(02)00211-9","article-title":"Optimal Tree-Shaped Networks for Fluid Flow in a Disc-Shaped Body","volume":"45","author":"Wechsatol","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0017-9310","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4381","DOI":"10.1016\/S0017-9310(03)00295-3","article-title":"Dendritic Convection on a Disc","volume":"46","author":"Wechsatol","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0017-9310","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"1","key":"2019100411195547000_c55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1504\/IJEX.2004.004731","article-title":"Tree-Shaped Flow Structures: Are Both Thermal-Resistance and Flow-Resistance Minimisations Necessary?","volume":"1","author":"Wechsatol","journal-title":"Int. J. Exergy"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-8904(02)00096-1","article-title":"Constructal Tree Shaped Networks for the Distribution of Electric Power","volume":"44","author":"Arion","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manage.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0196-8904","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1016\/S1290-0729(03)00058-9","article-title":"Designed Porous Media: Optimally Nonuniform Flow Structures Connecting One Point With More Points","volume":"42","author":"Ordonez","journal-title":"Int. J. Therm. Sci.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1290-0729","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0017-9310(03)00406-X","article-title":"Dendritic Fins Optimization for a Coaxial Two-Stream Heat Exchanger","volume":"47","author":"Bonjour","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0017-9310","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"15","key":"2019100411195547000_c59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2785","DOI":"10.1016\/S0017-9310(03)00043-7","article-title":"Constructal Tree-Shaped Two-Phase Flow for Cooling a Surface","volume":"46","author":"Zamfirescu","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0017-9310","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c60","article-title":"Constructal Design of a Porous Structure for Gas Transport From One Opening to a Surface","volume-title":"Applications of Porous Media","author":"Reis"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2003.08.015","article-title":"Optimally Staggered Finned Circular and Elliptic Tubes in Forced Convection","volume":"47","author":"Matos","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0017-9310","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijthermalsci.2003.10.003","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Optimization of Staggered Finned Circular and Elliptic Tubes in Forced Convection","volume":"43","author":"Matos","journal-title":"Int. J. Therm. Sci.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1290-0729","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1115\/IMECE2003-42381","article-title":"Constructal Theory and the Optimization of Finned Arrays","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2003 ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress","author":"Kraus"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3585","DOI":"10.1016\/S0017-9310(99)00021-6","article-title":"Constructal Trees of Circular Fins for Conductive and Convective Heat Transfer","volume":"42","author":"Alebrahim","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0017-9310","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0017-9310(99)00283-5","article-title":"Constructal T-Shaped Fins","volume":"43","author":"Bejan","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0017-9310","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3739","DOI":"10.1016\/S0017-9310(99)00051-4","article-title":"Conduction Trees With Spacings at the Tips","volume":"42","author":"Almogbel","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0017-9310","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1497355","article-title":"The Optimal Shape of the Interface Between Two Conductive Bodies With Minimal Thermal Resistance","volume":"124","author":"Vargas","journal-title":"ASME J. Heat Transfer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0022-1481","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2003.12.018","article-title":"Inverted Fins: Geometric Optimization of the Intrusion Into a Conducting Wall","volume":"47","author":"Biserni","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0017-9310","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1016\/S0017-9310(02)00419-2","article-title":"Heat Conduction Across Irregular and Fractal-Like Surfaces","volume":"46","author":"Blyth","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0017-9310","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c70","first-page":"121","article-title":"Performance Evaluation of Some Passive Augmentation Techniques Using Entropy Minimization Method","volume-title":"Bejan\u2019s Constructal Theory of Shape and Structure","author":"Zimparov"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/S0017-9310(00)00126-5","article-title":"Enhancement of Heat Transfer by a Combination of Three-Start Spirally Corrugated Tube With a Twisted Tape","volume":"44","author":"Zimparov","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0017-9310","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3677","DOI":"10.1016\/0017-9310(93)90047-A","article-title":"The Optimal Cooling of a Stack of Heat Generating Boards With Fixed Pressure Drop, Flow Rate or Pumping Power","volume":"36","author":"Mereu","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0017-9310","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1387025","article-title":"Assessment of Overall Cooling Performance in Thermal Design of Electronics Based on Thermodynamics","volume":"123","author":"Ogiso","journal-title":"ASME J. Heat Transfer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0022-1481","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4922","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1562008","article-title":"Exact Solution for Cooling of Electronics Using Constructal Theory","volume":"93","author":"Ghodoossi","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0021-8979","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijthermalsci.2003.08.004","article-title":"Constructal Thermal Optimization of an Electromagnet","volume":"43","author":"Gosselin","journal-title":"Int. J. Therm. Sci.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1290-0729","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c76","first-page":"18","article-title":"Heat Conduction Optimization: High Conductivity Constructs Based on the Principle of Biological Evolution","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 12th International Heat Transfer Conference","author":"Xia"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2003.07.007","article-title":"Optimal Distribution of Discrete Heat Sources on a Wall With Natural Convection","volume":"47","author":"da Silva","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0017-9310","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2003.12.009","article-title":"Optimal Distribution of Discrete Heat Sources on a Plate With Laminar Forced Convection","volume":"47","author":"da Silva","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0017-9310","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1016\/S1290-0729(03)00089-9","article-title":"Optimized Use of Baffles for Reduced Natural Convection Heat Transfer From a Horizontal Cylinder","volume":"42","author":"Abu-Hijleh","journal-title":"Int. J. Therm. Sci.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1290-0729","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2004.02.025","article-title":"Designed Porous Media: Maximal Heat Transfer Density at Decreasing Length Scales","volume":"47","author":"Bejan","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0017-9310","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1115\/HT2003-47501","article-title":"Temperature Distributions in Microscale Fractal-Like Branching Channel Networks","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ASME Summer Heat Transfer Conference","author":"Alharbi"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c82","article-title":"Intensification des Transferts et Conception des \u00c9changeurs Multi-\u00c9chelles","volume-title":"Proceeding of the Congr\u00e9s Fran\u00e7ais de Thermique","author":"Luo"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c83","first-page":"3313","article-title":"Constructal Network for Heat and Mass Transfer in a Solid-Gas Reactive Porous Medium","volume":"47","author":"Azoumah","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0017-9310","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1016\/S1290-0729(03)00077-2","article-title":"Constructal Geometry and Operation of Adsorption Processes","volume":"42","author":"Rivera-Alvarez","journal-title":"Int. J. Therm. Sci.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1290-0729","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1080\/10893950290098359","article-title":"Reduced Pumping Power and Wall Temperature in Microchannel Heat Sinks With Fractal-Like Branching Channel Networks","volume":"6","author":"Pence","journal-title":"Microscale Thermophys. Eng.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1089-3954","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"16","key":"2019100411195547000_c86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3313","DOI":"10.1016\/S0017-9310(02)00052-2","article-title":"Combined \u2018Flow and Strength\u2019 Geometric Optimization: Internal Structure in a Vertical Insulating Wall With Air Cavities and Prescribed Strength","volume":"45","author":"Lorente","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0017-9310","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2004.01.020","article-title":"Combined \u2018Heat Flow and Strength\u2019 Optimization of Geometry: Mechanical Structures Most Resistant to Thermal Attack","volume":"47","author":"Gosselin","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0017-9310","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c88","first-page":"765","article-title":"Maximum Heat Transfer Rate Density in Two-Dimensional Minichannels and Microchannels","volume-title":"The First International Conference on Microchannels and Minichannels Proceedings ASME","author":"Favre-Marinet"},{"issue":"23","key":"2019100411195547000_c89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4607","DOI":"10.1016\/S0017-9310(02)00165-5","article-title":"Dendritic Constructal Heat Exchanger With Small-Scale Crossflows and Larger-Scales Counterflows","volume":"45","author":"Bejan","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0017-9310","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1566970","article-title":"Optimal Internal Structure of Volumes Cooled by Single-Phase Forced and Natural Convection","volume":"125","author":"Bejan","journal-title":"J. Electron. Packag.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1043-7398","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s00707-003-1008-3","article-title":"Constructal Multi-Scale Structure for Maximal Heat Transfer Density","volume":"163","author":"Bejan","journal-title":"Acta Mech.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0001-5970","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1016\/S0017-9310(02)00477-5","article-title":"Fitting the Duct to the \u2018Body\u2019 of the Convective Flow","volume":"46","author":"Bello-Ochende","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0017-9310","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"4","key":"2019100411195547000_c93","first-page":"331","article-title":"Optimal Placement of Cooling Flow Tubes in a Wall Heated From the Side","volume":"3","author":"Cizmas","journal-title":"Int. J. Transp. Phenom.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1028-6578","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2824257","article-title":"Constructal Optimization of Internal Flow Geometry in Convection","volume":"120","author":"Nelson","journal-title":"ASME J. Heat Transfer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0022-1481","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"1","key":"2019100411195547000_c95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1063\/1.365853","article-title":"Constructal Tree Networks for Heat Transfer","volume":"82","author":"Ledezma","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0021-8979","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1392988","article-title":"Constructal Placement of High-Conductivity Inserts in a Slab: Optimal Design of Roughness","volume":"123","author":"Neagu","journal-title":"ASME J. Heat Transfer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0022-1481","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1002\/er.967","article-title":"Thermodynamic Optimization of Internal Structure in a Fuel Cell","volume":"28","author":"Vargas","journal-title":"Int. J. Energy Res.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0363-907X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/S1290-0729(02)00035-2","article-title":"System-Level Optimization of the Sizes of Organs for Heat and Fluid Flow Systems","volume":"42","author":"Ordonez","journal-title":"Int. J. Therm. Sci.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1290-0729","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c99","first-page":"147","article-title":"Visualisation of Heat and Mass Transfer Using Heatlines and Masslines","volume-title":"Bejan\u2019s Constructal Theory of Shape and Structure","author":"Costa"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-5442(03)00105-1","article-title":"Minimum Power Requirement for Environmental Control of Aircraft","volume":"28","author":"Ordonez","journal-title":"Energy","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0360-5442","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c101","first-page":"15","article-title":"River Basins: Geomorphology and Dynamics","volume-title":"Bejan\u2019s Constructal Theory of Shape and Structure","author":"Rosa"},{"issue":"3","key":"2019100411195547000_c102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218348X98000298","article-title":"Deterministic Tree Networks for River Drainage Basins","volume":"6","author":"Errera","journal-title":"Fractals","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0218-348X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1002\/er.1058","article-title":"Thermodynamic Optimization of Global Circulation and Climate","volume":"29","author":"Bejan","journal-title":"Int. J. Energy Res.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0363-907X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2005.10.037","article-title":"Constructal Theory of Global Circulation and Climate","volume":"49","author":"Reis","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0017-9310","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1016\/S0017-9310(97)00301-3","article-title":"Constructal Theory of Natural Crack Pattern Formation for Fastest Cooling","volume":"41","author":"Bejan","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0017-9310","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"1","key":"2019100411195547000_c106","first-page":"69","article-title":"Analysis of Natural Crack Pattern Formation by Constructal Theory and Extensions to Several Nature Fields","volume":"10","author":"Bisio","journal-title":"Int. J. Energy Environment Economics"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c107","first-page":"75","article-title":"Constructal Analysis of Dendritic Growth","volume-title":"Bejan\u2019s Constructal Theory of Shape and Structure","author":"Miguel"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c108","first-page":"57","article-title":"Constructal Theory of Organization in Nature: Dendritic Flows, Allometric Laws and Flight","volume-title":"Design and Nature","author":"Bejan"},{"issue":"5","key":"2019100411195547000_c109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1118\/1.1705443","article-title":"Constructal Theory of Flow Architectures of the Lungs","volume":"31","author":"Reis","journal-title":"Med. Phys.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0094-2405","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"2","key":"2019100411195547000_c110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1002\/atr.5670300207","article-title":"Street Network Theory of Organization in Nature","volume":"30","author":"Bejan","journal-title":"J. Adv. Transp.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0197-6729","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1115\/DETC2002\/DAC-34095","article-title":"Design of Hierarchic Platforms for Customizable Products","volume-title":"Proceedings of ASME 2002 Design Engineering Tech. Conference, Montreal","author":"Hernandez"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c112","volume-title":"The Feynman Lectures on Physics","author":"Feynman","edition":"6th ed."},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c113","volume-title":"Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics","author":"Callen","edition":"2nd ed."},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c114","first-page":"192","article-title":"Entropy Generation for the Next Generation","volume-title":"Bejan\u2019s Constructal Theory of Shape and Structure","author":"Dincer"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2004.12.018","article-title":"Note on Constructal Theory of Organization in Nature","volume":"48","author":"Pramanick","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0017-9310","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c116","unstructured":"Upham, G., and Wolo, J., 2004, \u201cCoordination of Dynamic Rehabilitation Experiments of People Living With Post-Polio Syndrome and Call for Research Into PPS as a Forgotten Disease,\u201d Global Forum for Health Research, Mexico, November, http:\/\/www.globalforumhealth.org\/forum8\/forum8-cdrom\/Posters\/Upham%20G%20F8-203.doc"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c117","first-page":"15","volume-title":"Bejan\u2019s Constructal Theory of Shape and Structure","author":"Rosa"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c118","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Bejan\u2019s Constructal Theory of Shape and Structure","author":"Patr\u00edcio"},{"key":"2019100411195547000_c119","unstructured":"Bejan, T. M. , 2005, \u201cNatural Law and Natural Design,\u201d Dogma, http:\/\/dogma.free.fr."}],"container-title":["Applied Mechanics Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/appliedmechanicsreviews\/article-pdf\/59\/5\/269\/5441617\/269_1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/appliedmechanicsreviews\/article-pdf\/59\/5\/269\/5441617\/269_1.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,17]],"date-time":"2020-04-17T23:38:51Z","timestamp":1587166731000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/appliedmechanicsreviews\/article\/59\/5\/269\/446372\/Constructal-Theory-From-Engineering-to-Physics-and"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]]},"references-count":119,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.2204075","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-6900","2379-0407"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-6900","type":"print"},{"value":"2379-0407","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]]}}}