{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T20:36:58Z","timestamp":1768077418600,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"ASME International","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Measurements of pressure drop were carried out for the flow of a Newtonian fluid in 90deg tee junctions with sharp and round corners. Rounding the corners reduced the energy losses by between 10 and 20%, depending on the flow rate ratio, due to the reduction in the branching flow loss coefficient, whereas the straight flow basically remained unaffected. The corresponding detailed measurements of mean and turbulent velocities for a Reynolds number of 31,000 and flowrate ratio of 50% showed that rounding the corner lead to an increase in turbulence in the branch pipe. The increased turbulence diffused momentum more efficiently thus reducing the length of the recirculation by 25% with its width and strength also decreasing in magnitude. The overall effect of the increased dissipation due to turbulence and reduced dissipation due to mean flow irreversibilities in the recirculation was a decrease in the corresponding loss coefficient.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2354524","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,20]],"date-time":"2006-10-20T22:28:24Z","timestamp":1161383304000},"page":"1204-1217","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Edge Effects on the Flow Characteristics in a 90deg Tee Junction"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"128","author":[{"given":"N. P.","family":"Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Maia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"M. F.","family":"Proen\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"F. T.","family":"Pinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Estudos de Fen\u00f3menos de Transporte, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200- 465 Porto, Portugal and Universidade do Minho, Largo do Pa\u00e7o, 4704- 553 Braga, Portugal"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019100514111325400_c1","volume-title":"Fluid Mechanics","author":"White","edition":"4th ed."},{"key":"2019100514111325400_c2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vogel, G.\n          , 1926, 1928, \u201cInvestigation of the Loss in Right-Angled Pipe Branches,\u201d Mitt. Hydraulischen Instituts der Tech. Hoschul. Munchen, n. 1, 75-90 (1926), n. 2, 61-64 (1928) (translation by Voetsch, C. Technical Memorandum n. 299, US Bureau of Reclamation, 1932).","DOI":"10.1515\/9783486760231-006"},{"issue":"4","key":"2019100514111325400_c3","first-page":"123","article-title":"Les Pertes de Charge Daus les \u00c9coulements au Travers de Branchements en T\u00e9","volume":"9","author":"Gardel","journal-title":"Bull. Tech. Suisse Romande","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0007-5744","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"5","key":"2019100514111325400_c4","first-page":"143","article-title":"Les Pertes de Charge Dansles \u00c9coulements au Travers de Branchements en T\u00e9","volume":"10","author":"Gardel","journal-title":"Bull. Tech. 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The Specific Case of the Flow in a 90deg Tee Junction (in Portuguese),\u201d PhD thesis, University of Porto, Portugal."},{"key":"2019100514111325400_c8","first-page":"197","article-title":"Turbulent Flow in a 90deg Pipe Junction. Part 1: Decay of Fluctuations Upstream the Flow Bifurcation","volume":"29","author":"Sierra- Espinosa","journal-title":"Comput. Fluids","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0045-7930","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100514111325400_c9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-7930(99)00005-5","article-title":"Turbulent Flow in a 90deg Pipe Junction. Part 2: Reverse Flow at the Branch Exit","volume":"29","author":"Sierra- Espinosa","journal-title":"Comput. Fluids","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0045-7930","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100514111325400_c10","first-page":"573","article-title":"Numerical Predictions of Turbulent Flow in a 90deg Tee Junction","volume-title":"Proc. 12th Int. 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P.\n          , 1970, \u201cPerformance of Dividing and Combining Tees,\u201d BHRA Technical Report 1061."},{"key":"2019100514111325400_c13","article-title":"Energy Losses at 90deg Pipe Junctions","volume-title":"Journal of The Hydraulics Division, Proceedings of ASCE","author":"Ito"},{"key":"2019100514111325400_c14","article-title":"Internal Flow Systems","volume-title":"BHRA Fluid Engineering","author":"Miller","edition":"3rd ed."},{"key":"2019100514111325400_c15","first-page":"139","article-title":"Pressure Drop in Tee-Junctions with Liquids and Gas-Liquids","volume-title":"Proc. 21st National Heat Transfer Conference","author":"Katsaounis"},{"key":"2019100514111325400_c16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-9322(86)90062-5","article-title":"Two-Phase Flow in a Tee-Junction With a Horizontal Inlet, Part II: Pressure Differences","volume":"12","author":"Reimann","journal-title":"Int. J. Multiphase Flow","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0301-9322","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2019100514111325400_c17","unstructured":"Seeger, W., Reimann, J., and M\u00fcller, U., 1985, \u201cPhase-Separation in a T-Junction With a Horizontal Inlet,\u201d 2nd Int. Conference on multi-phase flow, paper A2, London."},{"issue":"A8","key":"2019100514111325400_c18","first-page":"713","article-title":"Modeling the Split of Horizontal Annular Flow at a T-Junction","volume":"77","author":"Azzopardi","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Res. Des.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0263-8762","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"A4","key":"2019100514111325400_c19","first-page":"470","article-title":"The Split of Horizontal Stratified Flow at a Large Diameter T-Junction","volume":"79","author":"Azzopardi","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Res. 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P.\n          , 2003, \u201cPressure Losses in Tee-Junctions: The 60deg Bifurcation,\u201d (in Portuguese), MSc thesis, FEUP, University of Porto."},{"issue":"21","key":"2019100514111325400_c28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4096","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.31.004096","article-title":"A Miniaturized, Mobile Laser-Doppler Anemometer","volume":"31","author":"Stieglmeier","journal-title":"Appl. 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