{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T08:38:56Z","timestamp":1767947936941,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"ASME International","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The reverse shoulder replacement, recommended for the treatment of several shoulder pathologies such as cuff tear arthropathy and fractures in elderly people, changes the biomechanics of the shoulder when compared to the normal anatomy. Although several musculoskeletal models of the upper limb have been presented to study the shoulder joint, only a few of them focus on the biomechanics of the reverse shoulder. This work presents a biomechanical model of the upper limb, including a reverse shoulder prosthesis, to evaluate the impact of the variation of the joint geometry and position on the biomechanical function of the shoulder. The biomechanical model of the reverse shoulder is based on a musculoskeletal model of the upper limb, which is modified to account for the properties of the DELTA\u00ae reverse prosthesis. Considering two biomechanical models, which simulate the anatomical and reverse shoulder joints, the changes in muscle lengths, muscle moment arms, and muscle and joint reaction forces are evaluated. The muscle force sharing problem is solved for motions of unloaded abduction in the coronal plane and unloaded anterior flexion in the sagittal plane, acquired using video-imaging, through the minimization of an objective function related to muscle metabolic energy consumption. After the replacement of the shoulder joint, significant changes in the length of the pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, deltoid, teres major, teres minor, coracobrachialis, and biceps brachii muscles are observed for a reference position considered for the upper limb. The shortening of the teres major and teres minor is the most critical since they become unable to produce active force in this position. Substantial changes of muscle moment arms are also observed, which are consistent with the literature. As expected, there is a significant increase of the deltoid moment arms and more fibers are able to elevate the arm. The solutions to the muscle force sharing problem support the biomechanical advantages attributed to the reverse shoulder design and show an increase in activity from the deltoid, teres minor, and coracobrachialis muscles. The glenohumeral joint reaction forces estimated for the reverse shoulder are up to 15% lower than those in the normal shoulder anatomy. The data presented here complements previous publications, which, all together, allow researchers to build a biomechanical model of the upper limb including a reverse shoulder prosthesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4025325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,6]],"date-time":"2013-09-06T07:31:20Z","timestamp":1378452680000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Multibody System of the Upper Limb Including a Reverse Shoulder Prosthesis"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"135","author":[{"given":"C.","family":"Quental","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"e-mail:"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Folgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"e-mail:"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Ambr\u00f3sio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"e-mail:\u2002 IDMEC, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, Lisbon 1049-001,Portugal"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, Lisbon 1649-028,Portugal, e-mail:"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"2019100316102797600_B1","first-page":"2279","article-title":"Complications of Total Shoulder Arthroplasty","volume":"88","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am. Vol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2019100316102797600_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147S","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2004.10.006","article-title":"Grammont Reverse Prosthesis: Design, Rationale, and Biomechanics","volume":"14","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elbow Surg."},{"issue":"2","key":"2019100316102797600_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.20736","article-title":"Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty","volume":"22","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Anat."},{"issue":"4","key":"2019100316102797600_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-6042.37113","article-title":"A History of the Reverse Shoulder Prosthesis","volume":"1","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Shoulder Surg."},{"issue":"1","key":"2019100316102797600_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1053\/j.oto.2010.10.006","article-title":"Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty\u2014Biomechanics and Rationale","volume":"21","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oper. Tech. Orthop."},{"issue":"5","key":"2019100316102797600_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2008.12.008","article-title":"An Evaluation of the Relationships Between Reverse Shoulder Design Parameters and Range of Motion, Impingement, and Stability","volume":"18","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elbow Surg."},{"issue":"9","key":"2019100316102797600_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2011.07.031","article-title":"Kinematic Analysis of Dynamic Shoulder Motion in Patients With Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty","volume":"21","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elbow Surg."},{"issue":"9","key":"2019100316102797600_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2521","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-010-1720-y","article-title":"Scapular Notching: Recognition and Strategies to Minimize Clinical Impact","volume":"469","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"2019100316102797600_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.2174\/1874325001105010106","article-title":"Total Shoulder Arthroplasty","volume":"5","year":"2011","journal-title":"Open Orthop. J."},{"issue":"4","key":"2019100316102797600_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2010.08.020","article-title":"Effect of Humeral Component Version on Impingement in Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty","volume":"20","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elbow Surg."},{"key":"2019100316102797600_B11","article-title":"Modeling and Computational Issues in the Inverse Dynamics Simulation of Triple Jump","year":"2013","journal-title":"Multibody Syst. Dyn."},{"issue":"1","key":"2019100316102797600_B12","first-page":"55","article-title":"HiL Simulation for Testing Joint Stability After Total Knee Arthroplasty","volume":"28","year":"2012","journal-title":"Multibody Syst. Dyn."},{"issue":"8","key":"2019100316102797600_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1243\/09544119JEIM147","article-title":"A Model for the Prediction of the Forces at the Glenohumeral Joint","volume":"220","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., Part H, J. Eng. Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"2019100316102797600_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1080\/10255840701592727","article-title":"A Mathematical Musculoskeletal Shoulder Model for Proactive Ergonomic Analysis","volume":"10","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng."},{"issue":"6","key":"2019100316102797600_B15","first-page":"751","article-title":"Simulated Joint and Muscle Forces in Reversed and Anatomic Shoulder Prostheses","volume":"90","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg., Br."},{"issue":"12","key":"2019100316102797600_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-011-0839-7","article-title":"Development of a Comprehensive Musculoskeletal Model of the Shoulder and Elbow","volume":"49","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"issue":"1","key":"2019100316102797600_B17","first-page":"83","article-title":"A Multibody Biomechanical Model of the Upper Limb Including the Shoulder Girdle","volume":"28","year":"2012","journal-title":"Multibody Syst. Dyn."},{"issue":"S1","key":"2019100316102797600_B18","first-page":"27","article-title":"The \u2018Reversed\u2019 Glenohumeral Endoprosthesis: The Role of the Rotator Cuff Muscles for Stability and Strength","volume":"31","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"3","key":"2019100316102797600_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2008.12.004","article-title":"The Biomechanics of Reverse Anatomy Shoulder Replacement\u2014A Modelling Study","volume":"24","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech. (Bristol, Avon)"},{"issue":"13","key":"2019100316102797600_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2010.05.024","article-title":"Glenohumeral Contact Forces in Reversed Anatomy Shoulder Replacement","volume":"43","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"2","key":"2019100316102797600_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1136\/jamia.1996.96236280","article-title":"The Visible Human Male: A Technical Report","volume":"3","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc."},{"key":"2019100316102797600_B22","article-title":"How to Compute Muscle Moment Arm Using Generalized Coordinates","year":"2010"},{"issue":"2","key":"2019100316102797600_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1080\/10255840008908000","article-title":"Musculoskeletal Model of the Upper Limb Based on the Visible Human Male Dataset","volume":"4","year":"2001","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng."},{"issue":"8","key":"2019100316102797600_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2005.04.007","article-title":"An Algorithm for Estimation of Shoulder Muscle Forces for Clinical Use","volume":"20","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech. (Bristol, Avon)"},{"issue":"2","key":"2019100316102797600_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(92)90270-B","article-title":"Geometry Parameters for Musculoskeletal Modelling for the Shoulder System","volume":"25","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"6","key":"2019100316102797600_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(97)00011-0","article-title":"Parameters for Modelling the Upper Extremity","volume":"30","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"11","key":"2019100316102797600_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(99)00122-0","article-title":"Measuring Muscle and Joint Geometry Parameters of a Shoulder for Modeling Purposes","volume":"32","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"2019100316102797600_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.piutam.2011.04.002","article-title":"Multibody biomechanical models of the upper limb","volume":"2","year":"2011","journal-title":"Procedia IUTAM"},{"issue":"9","key":"2019100316102797600_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546505280213","article-title":"Partial-Thickness Rotator Cuff Tears","volume":"33","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"issue":"10","key":"2019100316102797600_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-011-1178-3","article-title":"The Teres Minor Muscle in Rotator Cuff Tendon Tears","volume":"40","year":"2011","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2019100316102797600_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1080\/10255840903263945","article-title":"A New Method for Motion Capture of the Scapula Using an Optoelectronic Tracking Device: A Feasibility Study","volume":"13","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng."},{"issue":"2","key":"2019100316102797600_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1019545530737","article-title":"Kinematic Data Consistency in the Inverse Dynamic Analysis of Biomechanical Systems","volume":"8","year":"2002","journal-title":"Multibody Syst. Dyn."},{"issue":"1-2","key":"2019100316102797600_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s11044-011-9274-7","article-title":"Prediction of Hip Contact Forces and Muscle Activations During Walking at Different Speeds","volume":"28","year":"2012","journal-title":"Multibody Syst. Dyn."},{"issue":"4","key":"2019100316102797600_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2004.11.034","article-title":"The Relationship Between Two Different Mechanical Cost Functions and Muscle Oxygen Consumption","volume":"39","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"2019100316102797600_B35","unstructured":"Chadwick, E. K. J. and Van der Helm, F. C. T., 2003, \u201cMusculo-Skeletal Modelling of the Shoulder,\u201d Shoulder Biomechanics Tutorial of the XIXth Congress of the International Society of Biomechanics, University of Otago, New Zealand."},{"issue":"3","key":"2019100316102797600_B36","first-page":"388","article-title":"Grammont Inverted Total Shoulder Arthroplasty in the Treatment of Glenohumeral Osteoarthritis With Massive Rupture of the Cuff. Results of a Multicentre Study of 80 Shoulders","volume":"86","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt.Surg., Br"},{"issue":"8","key":"2019100316102797600_B37","first-page":"1697","article-title":"The Reverse Shoulder Prosthesis for Glenohumeral Arthritis Associated With Severe Rotator Cuff Deficiency. A Minimum Two-Year Follow-Up Study of Sixty Patients","volume":"87","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg., Am."},{"issue":"7","key":"2019100316102797600_B38","first-page":"1476","article-title":"Treatment of Painful Pseudoparesis due to Irreparable Rotator Cuff Dysfunction With the Delta III Reverse-Ball-and-Socket Total Shoulder Prosthesis","volume":"87","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg., Am."},{"issue":"3","key":"2019100316102797600_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-007-0091-5","article-title":"Contribution of the Reverse Endoprosthesis to Glenohumeral Kinematics","volume":"466","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"2019100316102797600_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1097\/01.blo.0000146741.83183.18","article-title":"Functional Recovery After a Reverse Prosthesis for Reconstruction of the Proximal Humerus in Tumor Surgery","volume":"430","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"2019100316102797600_B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1080\/10255840701552069","article-title":"Adaptation of Scapula Lateral Rotation After Reverse Anatomy Shoulder Replacement","volume":"11","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng."},{"issue":"12","key":"2019100316102797600_B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1850","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.21437","article-title":"Muscle and Joint-Contact Loading at the Glenohumeral Joint After Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty","volume":"29","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"2019100316102797600_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.I.00001","article-title":"Moment Arms of the Shoulder Musculature After Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty","volume":"92","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg."},{"issue":"3","key":"2019100316102797600_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-012-2692-x","article-title":"Lateralized Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty Maintains Rotational Function of the Remaining Rotator Cuff","volume":"471","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"2019100316102797600_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cuor.2006.10.004","article-title":"Biomechanical Considerations of the Normal and Rotator Cuff Deficient Shoulder and the Reverse Shoulder Prosthesis","volume":"21","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Pract. Orthopaed. Surg."}],"container-title":["Journal of Biomechanical Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/biomechanical\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1115\/1.4025325\/6089434\/bio_135_11_111005.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/biomechanical\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1115\/1.4025325\/6089434\/bio_135_11_111005.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]],"date-time":"2022-03-05T16:59:29Z","timestamp":1646499569000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/biomechanical\/article\/doi\/10.1115\/1.4025325\/370916\/Multibody-System-of-the-Upper-Limb-Including-a"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,26]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.4025325","relation":{},"ISSN":["0148-0731","1528-8951"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0148-0731","type":"print"},{"value":"1528-8951","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,26]]},"article-number":"111005"}}