{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T16:53:35Z","timestamp":1763571215389,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"ASME International","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A miniaturized version of the double cantilever beam (DCB) test is used to determine the fracture energy in human cortical bone under pure mode I loading. An equivalent crack length based data-reduction scheme is used with remarkable advantages relative to classical methods. Digital image correlation (DIC) technique is employed to determine crack opening displacement at the crack tip being correlated with the evolution of fracture energy. A method is presented to obtain the cohesive law (trapezoidal bilinear softening) mimicking the mechanical behavior observed in bone. Cohesive zone modeling (CZM) (finite-element method) was performed to validate the procedure showing excellent agreement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4031846","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,20]],"date-time":"2015-10-20T16:30:53Z","timestamp":1445358653000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Fracture Characterization of Human Cortical Bone Under Mode I Loading"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"137","author":[{"given":"Filipe","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"INEGI\u2014Instituto de Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica e Gest\u00e3o Industrial, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 400, Porto 4200-465, Portugal e-mail:"}]},{"given":"Marcelo","family":"de Moura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto 4200-465, Portugal e-mail:"}]},{"given":"Nuno","family":"Dourado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, Vila Real 5000-801, Portugal e-mail:"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Xavier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INEGI\u2014Instituto de Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica e Gest\u00e3o Industrial, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 400, Porto 4200-465, Portugal e-mail:"}]},{"given":"F\u00e1bio","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, Vila Real 5000-801, Portugal e-mail:"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Morais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, Vila Real 5000-801, Portugal e-mail:"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, Vila Real 5000-801, Portugal e-mail:"}]},{"given":"Paulo","family":"Louren\u00e7o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra, Banco de Tecidos \u00d3sseos do Centro Hospitalar e Universit\u00e1rio de Coimbra\u2014CHUC, EPE, Praceta Prof. Mota Pinto, Coimbra 3030-396, Portugal e-mail:"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Judas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra, Banco de Tecidos \u00d3sseos do Centro Hospitalar e Universit\u00e1rio de Coimbra\u2014CHUC, EPE, Praceta Prof. Mota Pinto, Coimbra 3030-396, Portugal e-mail:"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2019100601522476200_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1305.2006.00282.x","article-title":"Fracture and Ageing in Bone: Toughness and Structural Characterization","volume":"42","year":"2006","journal-title":"Strain"},{"key":"2019100601522476200_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(94)00069-G","article-title":"Mode I Fracture Toughness of Human Bone","volume":"20","year":"1991","journal-title":"Adv. Bioeng., BED"},{"issue":"3","key":"2019100601522476200_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(94)00069-G","article-title":"Fracture Toughness of Human Bone Under Tension","volume":"28","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"8","key":"2019100601522476200_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(96)00009-7","article-title":"Resistance to Crack Growth in Human Cortical Bone is Greater in Shear Than in Tension","volume":"29","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"1","key":"2019100601522476200_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(97)00227-5","article-title":"Influence of Bone Composition and Apparent Density on Fracture Toughness of the Human Femur and Tibia","volume":"22","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"3","key":"2019100601522476200_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(20000305)49:3<380::AID-JBM11>3.0.CO;2-W","article-title":"Fracture Toughness is Dependent on Bone Location: A Study of the Femoral Neck, Femoral Shaft, and the Tibial Shaft","volume":"49","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"2019100601522476200_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2012.05.008","article-title":"Multiscale Modeling of Bone Fracture Using Cohesive Finite Elements","volume":"103","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eng. Fract. Mech."},{"issue":"8","key":"2019100601522476200_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(97)00029-8","article-title":"Crack Growth Resistance in Cortical Bone: Concept of Microcrack Toughening","volume":"30","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"3","key":"2019100601522476200_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat832","article-title":"Mechanistic Fracture Criteria for the Failure of Human Cortical Bone","volume":"2","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"issue":"2","key":"2019100601522476200_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2004.02.017","article-title":"Mechanistic Aspects of Fracture and R-Curve Behaviour in Human Cortical Bone","volume":"26","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"8","key":"2019100601522476200_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat2221","article-title":"How Tough is Human Bone? In Situ Measurements on Realistically Short Cracks","volume":"7","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"volume-title":"Structural Mechanics","year":"1960","key":"2019100601522476200_bib12"},{"key":"2019100601522476200_bib13","first-page":"8","article-title":"Effect of Dimensions on Fast Fracture Instability of Notched Sheets","volume":"1","year":"1961","journal-title":"Proc. Crack Propag. Symp."},{"key":"2019100601522476200_bib14","unstructured":"Vashishth, D., Behiri, J. C., Tanner, K. E., and Bordield, W., 1996, \u201cToughening Mechanisms in Cortical Bone,\u201d 42nd Ann. Meeting ORS, Atlanta, GA, pp. 19\u201322."},{"issue":"8","key":"2019100601522476200_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(97)00029-8","article-title":"Crack Growth Resistance in Cortical Bone: Concept of Microcrack Toughening","volume":"30","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"1","key":"2019100601522476200_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0928-4931(98)00033-2","article-title":"Recent Developments in the Study of Failure of Solid Biomaterials and Bone: \u2018Fracture\u2019 and \u2018Pre-Fracture\u2019 Toughness","volume":"6","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"issue":"9","key":"2019100601522476200_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2005.09.040","article-title":"Fracture Length Scales in Human Cortical Bone: The Necessity of Nonlinear Fracture Models","volume":"27","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"6","key":"2019100601522476200_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2005.02.016","article-title":"Fracture Toughness of Manatee Rib and Bovine Femur Using a Chevron-Notched Beam Test","volume":"39","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"1","key":"2019100601522476200_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(199621)33:1<13::AID-JBM3>3.0.CO;2-P","article-title":"Fracture Toughness of Bone Using a Compact Sandwich Specimen: Effects of Sampling Sites and Crack Orientations","volume":"33","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"2019100601522476200_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4636(20000915)51:4<735::AID-JBM23>3.0.CO;2-G","article-title":"Microstructural Heterogeneity and the Fracture Toughness of Bone","volume":"51","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"issue":"21","key":"2019100601522476200_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2014.03.066","article-title":"Fracture Resistance of Human Cortical Bone Across Multiple Length-Scales at Physiological Strain Rates","volume":"35","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"6","key":"2019100601522476200_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2010.04.001","article-title":"The Double Cantilever Beam Test Applied to Mode I Fracture Characterization of Cortical Bone Tissue","volume":"3","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"issue":"3","key":"2019100601522476200_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2009.10.008","article-title":"Crack Equivalent Based Method Applied to Wood Fracture Characterization Using the Single Edge Notched-Three Point Bending Test","volume":"77","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eng. Fract. Mech."},{"issue":"5","key":"2019100601522476200_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1007\/s11340-013-9838-y","article-title":"Direct Evaluation of Cohesive Law in Mode I of Pinus Pinaster by Digital Image Correlation","volume":"54","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Mech."},{"year":"2007","author":"GOM mbH","key":"2019100601522476200_bib25"},{"issue":"1","key":"2019100601522476200_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2011.06.012","article-title":"Stereovision Measurements on Evaluating the Modulus of Elasticity of Wood by Compression Tests Parallel to the Grain","volume":"26","year":"2012","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"issue":"Suppl. 2","key":"2019100601522476200_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1305.2010.00740.x","article-title":"Cross-Correlation and Differential Technique Combination to Determine Displacement Fields","volume":"47","year":"2011","journal-title":"Strain"},{"issue":"12","key":"2019100601522476200_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2011.07.007","article-title":"Processing Discontinuous Displacement Fields by a Spatio-Temporal Derivative Technique","volume":"49","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Eng."},{"issue":"7","key":"2019100601522476200_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1016\/0956-7151(93)90366-Z","article-title":"Delamination, Fibre Bridging and Toughness of Ceramic Matrix Composites","volume":"41","year":"1993","journal-title":"Acta Metall. Mater."},{"issue":"7","key":"2019100601522476200_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2011.05.020","article-title":"Effect of Aging on the Transverse Toughness of Human Cortical Bone: Evaluation by R-Curves","volume":"4","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed."},{"issue":"8","key":"2019100601522476200_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat2221","article-title":"The True Toughness of Human Cortical Bone Measured With Realistically Short Cracks","volume":"7","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"2019100601522476200_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1107\/S0021889806044888","article-title":"Scanning Texture Analysis of Lamellar Bone Using Microbeam Synchrotron X-Ray Radiation","volume":"40","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Crystallogr."},{"volume-title":"Fibre-Reinforced Plastic Composites\u2014Determination of Mode I Interlaminar Fracture Toughness, GIc, for Unidirectionally Reinforced Materials","year":"2001","author":"ISO 15024","key":"2019100601522476200_bib33"},{"key":"2019100601522476200_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4023110","article-title":"Cohesive Zone Models: A Critical Review of Traction-Separation Relationships Across Fracture Surfaces","volume":"64","year":"2011","journal-title":"ASME Appl. Mech. Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"2019100601522476200_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3601206","article-title":"A Path Independent Method Integral and the Approximate Analysis of Strain Correlation by Notches and Cracks","volume":"35","year":"1968","journal-title":"ASME J. Appl. Mech."},{"volume-title":"Curve and Surface Fitting: An Introduction","year":"1986","key":"2019100601522476200_bib36"},{"issue":"10","key":"2019100601522476200_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(00)00069-5","article-title":"Critical Evaluation of Known Bone Material Properties to Realize Anisotropic FE-Simulation of the Proximal Femur","volume":"33","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biomech."}],"container-title":["Journal of Biomechanical Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/biomechanical\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1115\/1.4031846\/6092973\/bio_137_12_121004.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/biomechanical\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1115\/1.4031846\/6092973\/bio_137_12_121004.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,6]],"date-time":"2019-10-06T05:52:32Z","timestamp":1570341152000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/biomechanical\/article\/doi\/10.1115\/1.4031846\/371170\/Fracture-Characterization-of-Human-Cortical-Bone"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,30]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.4031846","relation":{},"ISSN":["0148-0731","1528-8951"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0148-0731"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1528-8951"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,30]]},"article-number":"121004"}}