{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T12:59:18Z","timestamp":1758891558492,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"ASME International","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Eucalyptus and Pine suspensions flow in a pipe was studied experimentally and numerically. Pressure drop was measured for different mean inlet flow velocities. Electrical impedance tomography (EIT), was used to evaluate the prevailing flow regime. Fibers concentration distribution in the pipe cross section and plug evolution were inferred from EIT tomographic images. A modified low-Reynolds-number k\u2013\u03b5 turbulence model was applied to simulate the flow of pulp suspensions. The accuracy of the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) predictions was significantly reduced when data in plug regime was simulated. The CFD model applied was initially developed to simulate the flow of Eucalyptus and Pine suspensions in fully turbulent flow regime. Using this model to simulate data in the plug regime leads to an excessive attenuation of turbulence which leads to lower values of pressure drop than the experimental ones. For transition flow regime, the CFD model could be applied successfully to simulate the flow data, similar to what happens for the turbulent regime.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4036165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,8]],"date-time":"2017-03-08T12:31:54Z","timestamp":1488976314000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Experimental Study and Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling of Pulp Suspensions Flow in a Pipe"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"139","author":[{"given":"Carla","family":"Cotas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre (CIEPQPF), University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3030-790, Portugal e-mail:"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Branco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical and Computers Engineering Department, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3030-290, Portugal e-mail:"}]},{"given":"Dariusz","family":"Asendrych","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Thermal Machinery, Cz\u0119stochowa University of Technology, Cz\u0119stochowa 42-200, Poland e-mail:"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre (CIEPQPF), University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3030-790, Portugal e-mail:"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Faia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical and Computers Engineering Department, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3030-290, Portugal e-mail:"}]},{"given":"Maria Gra\u00e7a","family":"Rasteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre (CIEPQPF), University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3030-790, Portugal e-mail:"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019100616434741600_bib1","first-page":"19","article-title":"Measurements, Mechanisms, and Models: Some Important Insights Into the Mechanisms of Flow of Fiber Suspensions","volume":"14","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu. Trans. Nord. Rheol. Soc."},{"issue":"5","key":"2019100616434741600_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.3183\/NPPRJ-2006-21-05-p598-612","article-title":"Rheology of Fibre Suspensions in Papermaking: An Overview of Recent Research","volume":"21","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nord. Pulp Pap. Res. J."},{"key":"2019100616434741600_bib3","first-page":"47","article-title":"Rheological Issues in the Paper Industry","volume":"6","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rheol. Rev."},{"issue":"15","key":"2019100616434741600_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2011.04.017","article-title":"Rheology of Pulp Fiber Suspensions: A Critical Review","volume":"66","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"issue":"9","key":"2019100616434741600_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2007.03.004","article-title":"Flow of Pulp Fibre Suspension and Slurries: A Review","volume":"33","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Multiphase Flow"},{"issue":"6","key":"2019100616434741600_bib6","first-page":"69","article-title":"Medium Consistency Technology\u2014I: Fundamental Data","volume":"64","year":"1981","journal-title":"TAPPI J."},{"issue":"8","key":"2019100616434741600_bib7","first-page":"20","article-title":"Flow Dynamics of Pulp Fiber Suspensions","volume":"7","year":"2008","journal-title":"TAPPI J."},{"issue":"1","key":"2019100616434741600_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-fluid-122109-160700","article-title":"Fluid Mechanics of Papermaking","volume":"43","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev Fluid Mech."},{"key":"2019100616434741600_bib9","first-page":"9","article-title":"Electrical Resistance Tomography Technique in Pulp and Paper Industry","volume":"84","year":"2010","journal-title":"ERCOFTAC Bull."},{"key":"2019100616434741600_bib10","unstructured":"Faia, P. M., Rasteiro, M. G., Garcia, F., Silva, R., Costa, H., and Branco, B., 2015, \u201cElectrical Tomography Use for Imaging Pulp Suspensions Flow in Pipes: Restraints and Evolution,\u201d COST Action FP1005 Final Conference, Trondheim, Norway, June 9\u201311, pp. 57\u201360."},{"issue":"5","key":"2019100616434741600_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1002\/cjce.20471","article-title":"Near Wall Effects in the Plug Flow of Pulp Suspensions","volume":"89","year":"2011","journal-title":"Can. J. Chem. Eng."},{"issue":"5","key":"2019100616434741600_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.3183\/NPPRJ-2012-27-05-p940-946","article-title":"An Experimental Study of the Turbulent Mixing Layer in Concentrated Fiber Suspensions","volume":"27","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nord. Pulp Pap. Res. J."},{"issue":"2","key":"2019100616434741600_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s00348-004-0819-x","article-title":"PIV Measurements of Velocities and Concentrations of Wood Fibres in Pneumatic Transport","volume":"37","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp. Fluids"},{"issue":"10","key":"2019100616434741600_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2301","DOI":"10.1007\/s00707-013-0922-2","article-title":"Effect of Fiber Length, Flow Rate, and Concentration on Velocity Profiles of Cellulosic Fiber Suspensions","volume":"224","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Mech."},{"issue":"8","key":"2019100616434741600_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1002\/aic.690400812","article-title":"Visualization of Flow Patterns of Cellulose Fiber Suspensions by NMR Imaging","volume":"40","year":"1994","journal-title":"AIChE J."},{"issue":"2","key":"2019100616434741600_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1002\/aic.10653","article-title":"A Comparative Study of UVP and LDA Techniques for Pulp Suspensions in Pipe Flow","volume":"52","year":"2006","journal-title":"AIChE J."},{"issue":"1","key":"2019100616434741600_bib17","first-page":"26","article-title":"Ultrasound Velocity Profile (UVP) Measurements of Pulp Suspension Flow Near the Wall","volume":"35","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pulp Pap. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"2019100616434741600_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1002\/aic.13881","article-title":"Measurement and Analysis of Flow of Concentrated Fiber Suspensions Through a 2-D Sudden Expansion Using UVP","volume":"59","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIChE J."},{"issue":"6","key":"2019100616434741600_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1002\/cjce.22486","article-title":"Application of Ultrasound Doppler Technique for In-Line Rheological Characterization and Flow Visualization of Concentrated Suspensions","volume":"94","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can. J. Chem. Eng."},{"issue":"2","key":"2019100616434741600_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.2495\/CMEM-V4-N2-165-175","article-title":"A Comparative Study of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Electrical Impedance Tomography, and Ultrasonic Doppler Velocimetry for Semi-Dilute Fiber Flow Suspension Characterisation","volume":"4","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Methods Exp. Meas."},{"issue":"7","key":"2019100616434741600_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2009.03.005","article-title":"Fiber Suspension Flow in a Tapered Channel: The Effect of Flow\/Fiber Coupling","volume":"35","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Multiphase Flow"},{"issue":"13\u201314","key":"2019100616434741600_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnnfm.2010.04.001","article-title":"Comparative Numerical Study of Two Concentrated Fiber Suspension Models","volume":"165","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech."},{"key":"2019100616434741600_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2014.06.002","article-title":"Coupled Simulation of the Spherical Angles of Rigid Fibres by Using a Fibre Orientation Probability Distribution Model","volume":"65","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Multiphase Flow"},{"issue":"1","key":"2019100616434741600_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1063\/1.464607","article-title":"A Method for Dynamic Simulation of Rigid and Flexible Fibers in a Flow Field","volume":"98","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"1","key":"2019100616434741600_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.2478\/cpe-2013-0008","article-title":"Modelling the Dynamics of Flexible and Rigid Fibers","volume":"34","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Process Eng."},{"issue":"11","key":"2019100616434741600_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113307","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2778937","article-title":"Simulation of the Motion of Flexible Fibers in Viscous Fluid Flow","volume":"19","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"issue":"2","key":"2019100616434741600_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"024901","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2815766","article-title":"Simulation of Semidilute Suspensions of Non-Brownian Fibers in Shear Flow","volume":"128","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"4","key":"2019100616434741600_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2567952","article-title":"Simulation of Fiber Suspensions\u2014A Multiscale Approach","volume":"129","year":"2007","journal-title":"ASME J. Fluids Eng."},{"key":"2019100616434741600_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2016.07.002","article-title":"On Fiber Behavior in Turbulent Vertical Channel Flow","volume":"153","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"issue":"9","key":"2019100616434741600_bib30","first-page":"175","article-title":"Modeling Fiber Flocculation in Turbulent Flow: A Numerical Study","volume":"74","year":"1991","journal-title":"TAPPI J."},{"key":"2019100616434741600_bib31","first-page":"177","article-title":"Interaction of Non-Newtonian Fluid Dynamics and Turbulence on the Behavior of Pulp Suspension Flows","volume":"13","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu. Trans. Nord. Rheol. Soc."},{"issue":"16","key":"2019100616434741600_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9735","DOI":"10.1021\/ie101500h","article-title":"Modeling the Turbulent Flow of Pulp Suspensions","volume":"50","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"2019100616434741600_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1080\/02726351.2015.1075637","article-title":"Computational Methodology for Determination of Head Loss in Both Laminar and Turbulent Regimes for the Flow of High Concentration Coal Ash Slurries Through Pipelines","volume":"34","year":"2016","journal-title":"Part. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2019100616434741600_bib34","unstructured":"Cotas, C. I. P., 2015, \u201cModelling of Fiber Suspensions Flow in Pipes,\u201d Ph.D. dissertation, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.https:\/\/estudogeral.sib.uc.pt\/bitstream\/10316\/29788\/1\/Modelling%20of%20Fiber%20Suspensions%20Flow%20in%20Pipes.pdf"},{"key":"2019100616434741600_bib35","unstructured":"Zhou, S., and Halttunen, J., 2003, \u201cConsistency Profile Measurement in Pulp Based on Electrical Impedance Tomography,\u201d XVII IMEKO World Congress: Metrology in the 3rd Millennium, Dubrovnik, Croatia, June 22\u201327, pp. 1157\u20131160.http:\/\/www.imeko.org\/publications\/wc-2003\/PWC-2003-TC7-025.pdf"},{"issue":"9","key":"2019100616434741600_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1109\/10.35300","article-title":"Electrode Models for Electric Current Computed Tomography","volume":"36","year":"1989","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"issue":"12","key":"2019100616434741600_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/13\/12\/310","article-title":"A Matlab Toolkit for Three-Dimensional Electrical Impedance Tomography: A Contribution to the Electrical Impedance and Diffuse Optical Reconstruction Software Project","volume":"13","year":"2002","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"7","key":"2019100616434741600_bib38","first-page":"17","article-title":"Modeling Pulp Fiber Suspension Rheology","volume":"6","year":"2007","journal-title":"TAPPI J."},{"issue":"1","key":"2019100616434741600_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cep.2006.04.003","article-title":"Rotor Selection for a Searle-Type Device to Study the Rheology of Paper Pulp Suspensions","volume":"46","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Process."},{"key":"2019100616434741600_bib40","unstructured":"Olson, J. A., 1996, \u201cThe Effect of Fibre Length on Passage Through Narrow Apertures,\u201d Ph.D. dissertation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.http:\/\/www.lcrl.ppc.ubc.ca\/files\/2013\/01\/1996-Olson-PhD-Thesis.pdf"},{"issue":"1","key":"2019100616434741600_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-9322(02)00128-3","article-title":"Concentration of Pulp Fibers in 3D Turbulent Channel Flow","volume":"29","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Multiphase Flow"},{"issue":"3","key":"2019100616434741600_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2817278","article-title":"A Modified Low-Reynolds-Number Turbulence Model Applicable to Recirculating Flow in Pipe Expansion","volume":"117","year":"1995","journal-title":"ASME J. Fluids Eng."},{"issue":"18","key":"2019100616434741600_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3813","DOI":"10.1016\/0017-9310(96)00061-0","article-title":"Calculation of Wall Heat Transfer in Pipe-Expansion Turbulent Flows","volume":"39","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer"},{"key":"2019100616434741600_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2015.01.263","article-title":"Application of Different Low-Reynolds k\u2013\u03b5 Turbulence Models to Model the Flow of Concentrated Pulp Suspensions in Pipes","volume":"102","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"issue":"7","key":"2019100616434741600_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1933(97)00083-3","article-title":"Turbulent Pipe Flow of Power-Law Fluids","volume":"24","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transfer"},{"issue":"2","key":"2019100616434741600_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/s10494-009-9234-y","article-title":"Application of Rheological Models in Prediction of Turbulent Slurry Flow","volume":"84","year":"2010","journal-title":"Flow Turbul. Combust."},{"issue":"2","key":"2019100616434741600_bib47","first-page":"283","article-title":"Simulation of the Friction Factor in a Yield-Stress Slurry Flow Which Exhibits Turbulence Damping Near the Pipe Wall","volume":"49","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Theor. Appl. Mech."},{"article-title":"Mathematical Modeling of Slurry Flow With Medium Solid Particles","volume-title":"Mathematical Models and Methods in Modern Science","year":"2011","key":"2019100616434741600_bib48"},{"issue":"4","key":"2019100616434741600_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1080\/02726351.2015.1112330","article-title":"Numerical Simulation of Turbulent Pulp Flow of Concentrated Suspensions: Influence of the Non-Newtonian Properties of the Pulp","volume":"34","year":"2015","journal-title":"Part. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"2019100616434741600_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-0257(03)00119-8","article-title":"Turbulent Pipe Flow Predictions With a Low Reynolds Number k\u2013\u03b5 Model for Drag Reducing Fluids","volume":"114","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech."},{"article-title":"ANSYS FLUENT Documentation, Release 13.0","year":"2010","author":"ANSYS","key":"2019100616434741600_bib51"},{"key":"2019100616434741600_bib52","article-title":"GAMBIT Documentation, Release 2.4","volume-title":"Ansys Inc.","author":"GAMBIT","year":"2007"},{"issue":"5","key":"2019100616434741600_bib53","first-page":"291","article-title":"Rheological Characterization of Microfibrillated Cellulose Suspension Using Optical Coherence Tomography","volume":"14","year":"2015","journal-title":"TAPPI J."},{"key":"2019100616434741600_bib54","unstructured":"J\u00e4sberg, A., 2007, \u201cFlow Behavior of Fiber Suspensions in Straight Pipes: New Experimental Techniques and Multiphase Modeling,\u201d Ph.D. dissertation, Faculty of Mathematics and Science, University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Finland.https:\/\/jyx.jyu.fi\/dspace\/handle\/123456789\/13912"},{"issue":"2","key":"2019100616434741600_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatfluidflow.2008.12.005","article-title":"Turbulence Modulation in Dilute Particle-Laden Flow","volume":"30","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow"}],"container-title":["Journal of Fluids Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/fluidsengineering\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1115\/1.4036165\/6200505\/fe_139_07_071303.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/fluidsengineering\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1115\/1.4036165\/6200505\/fe_139_07_071303.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,6]],"date-time":"2019-10-06T16:43:55Z","timestamp":1570380235000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/fluidsengineering\/article\/doi\/10.1115\/1.4036165\/383637\/Experimental-Study-and-Computational-Fluid"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,24]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.4036165","relation":{},"ISSN":["0098-2202","1528-901X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0098-2202"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1528-901X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,24]]},"article-number":"071303"}}