{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T11:00:20Z","timestamp":1766401220367,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"ASME International","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,9]],"date-time":"2021-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.asme.org\/publications-submissions\/publishing-information\/legal-policies"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POCI-01-0247 FEDER-007678"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0247 FEDER-007678"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/145713\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/145713\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>An innovative methodology and a virtual test bench (VTB) are proposed to support the design of water heaters\u2019 control strategies. This platform allows to speed up the development and evaluation of control systems even before the existence of prototypes or real test environments. By simulating the environmental conditions and the state of the different device components, it will be possible to detect and correct possible initial errors in the control system design which can be time consuming and costly due to subsequent modifications to the system or equipment components. The architecture of the proposed system establishes four operating modes: open-loop data acquisition, real-time simulation, hardware-in-the-loop simulation, and test of the complete real system, the incorporation of these functionalities in the same platform is not reported in the literature for domestic water heaters. The virtual test bench was designed to accommodate different water heaters including, but not limited to, gas, electric, and heat pumps, for instantaneous hot water production or including hot water storage. The prototype of the virtual test bench is described emphasizing the hardware-in-the-loop methodologies and embedded control. The particular case study of a tankless gas water heater (TGWH) is presented implementing the different operation modes in the virtual test bench. The water heater models, control strategies, simulation, and experimental data are presented and discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4051932","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T07:16:46Z","timestamp":1627543006000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Virtual Test Bench for the Design of Control Strategies for Water Heaters"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Andr\u00e9 F.","family":"Quint\u00e3","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, TEMA\u2014Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jonathan D.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jorge A. F.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, TEMA\u2014Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"V\u00edtor A. F.","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, TEMA\u2014Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, TEMA\u2014Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,9]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS) 2015 Technical Documentation Summary","year":"2017","author":"Energy Information Administration","key":"2021080905350364300_CIT0001"},{"volume-title":"Energy, Transport and Environment Indicators","year":"2017","author":"Eurostat European Commission","key":"2021080905350364300_CIT0002"},{"year":"2013","author":"EU","key":"2021080905350364300_CIT0003"},{"year":"2008","author":"Yuill","key":"2021080905350364300_CIT0004"},{"key":"2021080905350364300_CIT0005","first-page":"1404","article-title":"Modeling and Simulation of Tankless Gas Water Heaters to Reduce Temperature Overshoots and Undershoots","author":"Costa","year":"2016"},{"key":"2021080905350364300_CIT0006","first-page":"1","article-title":"Design of an Artificial Neural Network Controller for a Tankless Water Heater By Using a Low-Profile Embedded System","author":"Laurencio-Molina","year":"2018"},{"key":"2021080905350364300_CIT0007","first-page":"240","article-title":"A Dynamic Neuro-Fuzzy Controller for Gas-Fired Water Heater","author":"Xu","year":"2008"},{"key":"2021080905350364300_CIT0008","first-page":"470","article-title":"Adaptive Predictive Control of Laboratory Heat Exchanger","volume":"13","author":"Bob\u00e1l","year":"2014","journal-title":"WSEAS Trans. 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