{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T12:55:01Z","timestamp":1753880101263,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"ASME International","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,5]],"date-time":"2022-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649116800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.asme.org\/publications-submissions\/publishing-information\/legal-policies"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004895","name":"European Social Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NORTE-08-5369-FSE-000027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-08-5369-FSE-000027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004895","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/50022\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/50022\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>This work studies the power loss in a real axle box gear transmission under no-load operating conditions. The influence of the rotational speed and of the lubricant viscosity was considered. An experimental strategy was adopted in order to measure the overall power loss of the axle box, as well as to isolate the power loss contribution of the major components: crown wheel, pinion, seals, and the tandem taper roller bearings supporting the pinion shaft and the crown assembly. Although it was not possible to directly measure the power loss generated by each component, the results allowed to identify the major contributions to the rear axle inefficiency. In particular, those from the crown wheel churning, from the lubricant squeezing due to the pocketing between the pinion and crown gear teeth, and from the friction in the preloaded tapered roller bearings of the pinion shaft and of the crown assembly. In average, the tapered roller bearings supporting the pinion shaft are responsible for 74% of the overall power loss of the axle box. A numerical model was developed to predict the power loss of the axle box and of its components, which was correlated with the experimental measurements with high accuracy (R2 = 0.9990). The combination of the experimental measurements with the model predictions allowed a full understanding of the axle box power loss behavior under no-load operating conditions. This analysis can be used for the design of an axle box with improved efficiency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4054101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,15]],"date-time":"2022-03-15T08:47:08Z","timestamp":1647334028000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["No-Load Power Loss of a Rear Axle Gear Transmission: Measurement and Validation"],"prefix":"10.1115","volume":"144","author":[{"given":"Justino A. O.","family":"Cruz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"FEUP, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s\/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal;"},{"name":"INEGI, Universidade do Porto, Campus FEUP, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Pedro M. T.","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INEGI, Universidade do Porto, Campus FEUP, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jorge H. O.","family":"Seabra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FEUP, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s\/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jorge D.","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISEP, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022040511171016800_CIT0001","first-page":"1398","volume-title":"Power Losses in Transmissions, Axles, and Steering Systems","author":"Joachim","year":"2014"},{"key":"2022040511171016800_CIT0002","unstructured":"Jeon, S. I.\n          , 2010, \u201cImproving Efficiency in Drive Lines: An Experimental Study on Churning Losses in Hypoid Axle,\u201d Ph.D. thesis, Imperial College London, London."},{"key":"2022040511171016800_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4271\/790744","article-title":"Axle Efficiency\u2014Test Procedures and Results","author":"Hobson","year":"1979"},{"key":"2022040511171016800_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4271\/830573","article-title":"Exact Measurement of Power Loss in Automotive Transmission and Axle for Fuel Economy","author":"Katoh","year":"1983"},{"key":"2022040511171016800_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4271\/840054","article-title":"Measurements of Power Losses in Automobile Drive Train","author":"Ko","year":"1984"},{"key":"2022040511171016800_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4271\/885127","article-title":"Measurements and Optimization of the Efficiency of Hypoid Axle Drives of Vehicles","author":"Winter","year":"1988"},{"key":"2022040511171016800_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4271\/2011-01-0718","article-title":"Thermal Mapping of an Automotive Rear Drive Axle","author":"Xu","year":"2011"},{"key":"2022040511171016800_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2014.11.017","article-title":"Gearbox Power Loss. Part I: Losses in Rolling Bearings","volume":"88","author":"Fernandes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tribol. Int."},{"article-title":"I. Gears\u2014Part 1: Thermal Rating","volume-title":"Technical Report","author":"ISO 14179-1:2001","key":"2022040511171016800_CIT0009"},{"article-title":"I. Gears\u2014Thermal Capacity\u2014Part 2: Thermal Load-Carrying Capacity","volume-title":"Technical Report","author":"ISO 14179-2:2001","key":"2022040511171016800_CIT0010"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022040511171016800_CIT0011","first-page":"58","article-title":"Theoretical and Experimental Study of the Frictional Losses of Radial Shaft Seals for Industrial Gearbox","volume":"9","author":"Organisciak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Power Transm. Eng."},{"key":"2022040511171016800_CIT0012","article-title":"Technical Principles, Simmerrings and Rotary Seals","volume-title":"Freudenberg Simrit GmbH & Co. KG, Technical Manual","author":"Freudenberg Simrit GmbH & Co. KG","year":"2007"},{"key":"2022040511171016800_CIT0013","article-title":"D2.1 Document 3: Literature Survey: Seal Losses","volume-title":"Technical Report","author":"Croes","year":"2009"},{"volume-title":"Stirnradverzahnung","year":"1996","author":"Linke","key":"2022040511171016800_CIT0014"},{"key":"2022040511171016800_CIT0015","article-title":"\u00d6laumpftemperatur von Planetengetrieben: Abschlu\u00dfbericht","volume-title":"Forschungsvorhaben Nr.313: Planetegetribe-Sumpftempeatur","author":"Kettler","year":"2002"},{"issue":"12","key":"2022040511171016800_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121009","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4005330","article-title":"A Note on Flow Regimes and Churning Loss Modeling","volume":"133","author":"Changenet","year":"2011","journal-title":"ASME J. Mech. Des."},{"key":"2022040511171016800_CIT0017","unstructured":"Fossier, C.\n          , 2018, \u201cInvestigation on the Efficiency of Truck Axles and Their Hypoid Gear Set: A Thermo-Mechanical Model,\u201d Ph.D. thesis, L\u2019 Universite de Lion, Lyon."},{"issue":"5","key":"2022040511171016800_CIT0018","first-page":"7","article-title":"Hydraulic Losses in Gearboxes With Oil Immersion","volume":"55","author":"Terekhov","year":"1975","journal-title":"Russ. Eng. J."},{"article-title":"Churning Losses of Discs and Gears Running Partially Submerged in Oil","year":"1989","author":"Boness","key":"2022040511171016800_CIT0019"},{"key":"2022040511171016800_CIT0020","article-title":"Thermal Rating of Gear Drives Balance Between Power Loss and Heat Dissipation","volume-title":"Technical Papers","author":"H\u00f6hn","year":"1996"},{"key":"2022040511171016800_CIT0021","first-page":"1243","article-title":"Load Independent Power Losses of Ordinary Gears: Numerical and Experimental Analysis","author":"Concli","year":"2013"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022040511171016800_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.2495\/CMEM-V2-N2-157-167","article-title":"A CFD Analysis of the Oil Squeezing Power Losses of a Gear Pair","volume":"2","author":"Gorla","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Methods Exp. Meas."},{"issue":"5","key":"2022040511171016800_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1243\/0954410991533061","article-title":"A Study of Churning Losses in Dip-Lubricated Spur Gears","volume":"213","author":"Luke","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part G: J. Aerosp. Eng."},{"key":"2022040511171016800_CIT0024","unstructured":"Mauz, W.\n          , 1987, \u201cHydraulische Verluste von Strinradgetrieben bei Umfansgsgeschwindigkeiten bis 60m\/s,\u201d Ph.D. thesis, IMK, Stuttgart."},{"key":"2022040511171016800_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"031102","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4038412","article-title":"An Experimental Investigation of Churning Power Losses of a Gearbox","volume":"140","author":"Polly","year":"2018","journal-title":"ASME J. 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Int."},{"key":"2022040511171016800_CIT0029","volume-title":"Ball and Roller Bearings\u2014Theory, Design, and Application","author":"Eschmann","year":"1985","edition":"2nd ed."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022040511171016800_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1080\/05698197308982705","article-title":"Operating Torque of Tapered Roller Bearings","volume":"16","author":"Witte","year":"1973","journal-title":"ASLE Trans."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022040511171016800_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2403727","article-title":"A Model for the Prediction of Churning Losses in Geared Transmissions\u2014Preliminary Results","volume":"129","author":"Changenet","year":"2007","journal-title":"ASME J. Mech. Des."},{"key":"2022040511171016800_CIT0032","first-page":"10","article-title":"New Methods for the Calculation of the Load Capacity of Bevel and Hypoid Gears","author":"Wirth","year":"2011"},{"article-title":"Calculation of Load Capacity of Bevel Gears\u2014Part 3: Calculation of Tooth Root Strength","year":"2014","author":"ISO 10300-3:2014","key":"2022040511171016800_CIT0033"}],"container-title":["Journal of Tribology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/tribology\/article-pdf\/144\/9\/091202\/6869759\/trib_144_9_091202.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/tribology\/article-pdf\/144\/9\/091202\/6869759\/trib_144_9_091202.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,5]],"date-time":"2022-04-05T11:45:48Z","timestamp":1649159148000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/tribology\/article\/144\/9\/091202\/1139478\/No-Load-Power-Loss-of-a-Rear-Axle-Gear"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,5]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.4054101","relation":{},"ISSN":["0742-4787","1528-8897"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0742-4787"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1528-8897"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,5]]},"article-number":"091202"}}