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The intensity and width of the peak of local surface plasmon resonance increased, indicating the effect of corona formation. Dynamic UV-vis spectroscopy and scattering revealed a nonlinear behavior of BSA\u2013GNU interaction. The bioplasmonic solution resulted in higher transmission and scattering than the BSA solution. Fourier transform-near-infrared spectra exhibited several bands due to overtones and combinations of the amide group and different proportions of \u03b1-helix and \u03b2-sheet components in BSA before and after the addition of the GNU. Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy demonstrated an initial increase in blueshifted emission, followed by a redshifted quenching of two major peaks of Tyr and tryptophan (Trp). The binding and dissociation constants were determined as Kb\u2009=\u20092.17\u2009\u00d7\u20091010\u2009M\u22121 and Kd\u2009=\u20094.6\u2009\u00d7\u200910\u221211, respectively, using the Stern\u2013Volmer relation. Both the dynamic CMOS-based imaging and the cadmium sulfide sensors demonstrated a nonlinear response of bioplasmonic solution. By increasing the GNU, the resistance of the solution decreased in the order of A\u2009&amp;gt;\u2009S1\u2009&amp;gt;\u2009S3, where S3 exhibited the highest initial transmission with a longer desorption time. MATLAB modeling showed 80% surface coverage by the protein in 15\u2009s at 0.05M, equivalent to a thickness of 1.7\u2009nm, which was in agreement with the value determined by using the Stokes\u2013Einstein relation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1116\/6.0003715","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,2]],"date-time":"2024-10-02T12:21:48Z","timestamp":1727871708000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Dynamic spectroscopic and optical characterization and modeling of bovine serum albumin corona during interaction with <i>N<\/i>-hydroxysulfo-succinimide-covalently functionalized gold nanourchins"],"prefix":"10.1116","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6628-5569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad E.","family":"Khosroshahi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanobiophotonics and Biomedical Research Laboratory, M.I.S. 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