{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T19:01:04Z","timestamp":1791054064859,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"SPIE-Intl Soc Optical Eng","issue":"04","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Biomed. Opt."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>New imaging techniques using near-infrared (NIR) femtosecond lasers (fs-lasers) in multiphoton laser scanning microscopy (MPLSM) have great potential for in vivo applications, particularly in human skin. However, little is known about possible risks. In order to evaluate the risk, a \u201cbiological dosimeter\u201d was used. We irradiated fresh human skin samples with both an fs-laser and a solar simulator UV source (SSU). DNA damage introduced in the epidermis was evaluated using fluorescent antibodies against cyclobutane-pyrimidin-dimers (CPDs) in combination with immunofluorescence image analysis. Four fs-irradiation regimes (at 800-nm wavelength) were evaluated differing in laser power and step width of horizontal scans. Fs-irradiation did not give CPDs at 15-mW or 30-mW irradiation power using 10 horizontal scans every 5  microns. CPDs could be seen at 60-mW laser power and 5-\u00b5m step size and at 35-mW using 1-micron step width. Quantitative comparison of SSU-induced CPDs showed that the 60-mW laser irradiation regime is comparable to UV-irradiation, giving 0.6 minimal erythemal dose (MED). The 1-micron irradiation regime was comparable to 0.45 MED. Under these experimental conditions, the risk of DNA damage due to fs-laser irradiation on skin is in the range of natural UV-exposure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1117\/1.2960016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,28]],"date-time":"2008-08-28T02:14:36Z","timestamp":1219889676000},"page":"1-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Risk estimation of skin damage due to ultrashort pulsed, focused near-infrared laser irradiation at 800  nm"],"prefix":"10.1117","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Frank F.","family":"Fischer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beiersdorf AG"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beate","family":"Volkmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatologisches Zentrum Buxtehude"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Puschmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beiersdorf AG"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruediger","family":"Greinert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatologisches Zentrum Buxtehude"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Breitbart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatologisches Zentrum Buxtehude"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Kiefer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Justus-Liebig-Univ. 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Co., Inc., New York, pp. 155\u2013171 (1987)."},{"key":"10.1117\/1.2960016_r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00340-005-2036-6"},{"key":"10.1117\/1.2960016_r41","first-page":"4212","volume":"53","author":"Berg","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cancer Res.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0008-5472","issn-type":"print"}],"container-title":["Journal of Biomedical Optics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.spiedigitallibrary.org\/journals\/journal-of-biomedical-optics\/volume-13\/issue-04\/041320\/Risk-estimation-of-skin-damage-due-to-ultrashort-pulsed-focused\/10.1117\/1.2960016.full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:36:09Z","timestamp":1790814969000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.spiedigitallibrary.org\/journals\/journal-of-biomedical-optics\/volume-13\/issue-04\/041320\/Risk-estimation-of-skin-damage-due-to-ultrashort-pulsed-focused\/10.1117\/1.2960016.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,1]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"04"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1117\/1.2960016","relation":{},"ISSN":["1083-3668","1560-2281"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1083-3668","type":"print"},{"value":"1560-2281","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,1]]}}}