{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:25:11Z","timestamp":1792787111787,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"SPIE-Intl Soc Optical Eng","issue":"03","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758153600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fonds de Recherche du Quebec","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00w3qhf76","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Canada First Research Excellence Fund","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01ktx4s83","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Collaborative Health Research Program"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biophoton. Discovery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>SignificanceProstate cancer (PCa) confirmation during needle-based procedures is limited by the lack of intraoperative diagnostic tools. Raman spectroscopy (RS), combined with classification models, offers a promising solution for real-time tissue characterization, potentially improving sampling accuracy and therapy guidance. However, such models require tissue- and organ-specific data, making deployment in studies challenging due to limited data availability.AimThe aim is to develop a one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN) for real-time PCa detection using RS on prospectively collected ex vivo data, leveraging multi-organ pre-training and evaluating two domain adaptation strategies.ApproachA ResNet-based 1D-CNN was trained for binary cancer\/normal tissue classification. We implemented a pre-training strategy using retrospective RS data from brain, breast, and prostate (202 patients), along with pre-trained bacterial models, followed by efficient fine-tuning and test-time adaptation (TTA) to adapt to unseen domains.ResultsProspective RS data were acquired using a robotic system from 10 PCa patients (two to five biopsies each). The fine-tuned model achieved 0.76 area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.79 accuracy, 0.83 sensitivity, and 0.72 specificity, outperforming support vector machines. TTA improved predictions when labels were unavailable.ConclusionsPre-trained 1D-CNNs combined with efficient fine-tuning or TTA enable accurate PCa detection in small-cohort settings using real-time RS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1117\/1.bios.2.3.032706","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T13:23:11Z","timestamp":1758201791000},"page":"1-14","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Deployment of a real-time prostate cancer confirmation system with Raman spectroscopy: fine-tuning versus test-time adaptation of 1D CNNs"],"prefix":"10.1117","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0611-4549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Grajales","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William T.","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1551-7331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor","family":"Blanquez-Yeste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3333-9014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9rick","family":"Dallaire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feryel","family":"Azzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ctr. Hospitalier de l'Univ. de Montr\u00e9al"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guila","family":"Delouya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ctr. Hospitalier de l'Univ. de Montr\u00e9al"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9820-1772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominique","family":"Trudel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ctr. Hospitalier de l'Univ. de Montr\u00e9al"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8154-4952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Leblond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia","family":"M\u00e9nard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ctr. Hospitalier de l'Univ. de Montr\u00e9al"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3048-4291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"Kadoury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"189","container-title":["Biophotonics Discovery"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.spiedigitallibrary.org\/journals\/biophotonics-discovery\/volume-2\/issue-03\/032706\/Deployment-of-a-real-time-prostate-cancer-confirmation-system-with\/10.1117\/1.BIOS.2.3.032706.full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T20:39:10Z","timestamp":1790195950000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.spiedigitallibrary.org\/journals\/biophotonics-discovery\/volume-2\/issue-03\/032706\/Deployment-of-a-real-time-prostate-cancer-confirmation-system-with\/10.1117\/1.BIOS.2.3.032706.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"03","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1117\/1.bios.2.3.032706","relation":{},"ISSN":["3005-4745","3005-4745"],"issn-type":[{"value":"3005-4745","type":"print"},{"value":"3005-4745","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]]}}}