{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T21:06:08Z","timestamp":1790197568847,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"SPIE-Intl Soc Optical Eng","issue":"03","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-EB029414"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-EB029414"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["R01-EB029414"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-EB029414"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biophoton. Discovery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>SignificanceNoninvasive optical assessments of skeletal muscle perfusion and metabolism are crucial for studying muscle physiology. However, measurements can be affected by contributions from overlying adipose and underlying bone tissues.AimWe aim to investigate the influence of bone tissue on frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy (FD-NIRS) measurements of the human forearm using different data types (intensity and phase), source\u2013detector separations (25 and 37\u00a0mm), and acquisition modes (single-distance and dual-slope).ApproachFD-NIRS data were collected on the forearms of 14 healthy subjects using a custom optical probe designed to regulate probe-skin contact pressure. Tissue blood flow and oxygen consumption were measured with venous and arterial occlusion protocols, respectively. In vivo findings were compared with diffusion theory simulations for two- and three-layer media. Ultrasound imaging quantified adipose tissue thickness (1.5 to 9.5\u00a0mm) and bone depth (14 to 26\u00a0mm).ResultsExperimental results for bone depths below 20\u00a0mm could not be reproduced by two-layer simulations, whereas they aligned well with three-layer simulations mimicking adipose, muscle, and bone tissues. Adipose tissue and bone contributions depend on data type, measurement mode, and source\u2013detector separation.ConclusionsBoth adipose and bone tissues may contribute to noninvasive FD-NIRS measurements of skeletal muscle, depending on tissue anatomy and data collection methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1117\/1.bios.2.3.035002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T13:20:51Z","timestamp":1758115251000},"page":"1-21","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Noninvasive measurements of skeletal muscle hemodynamics using frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy: contributions from adipose and bone tissues"],"prefix":"10.1117","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Tavakoli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tufts Univ."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelo","family":"Sassaroli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tufts Univ."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jodee","family":"Frias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tufts Univ."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3419-4547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giles","family":"Blaney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tufts Univ."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Fantini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tufts Univ."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"189","container-title":["Biophotonics Discovery"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.spiedigitallibrary.org\/journals\/biophotonics-discovery\/volume-2\/issue-03\/035002\/Noninvasive-measurements-of-skeletal-muscle-hemodynamics-using-frequency-domain-near\/10.1117\/1.BIOS.2.3.035002.full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T20:39:12Z","timestamp":1790195952000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.spiedigitallibrary.org\/journals\/biophotonics-discovery\/volume-2\/issue-03\/035002\/Noninvasive-measurements-of-skeletal-muscle-hemodynamics-using-frequency-domain-near\/10.1117\/1.BIOS.2.3.035002.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"03","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1117\/1.bios.2.3.035002","relation":{},"ISSN":["3005-4745","3005-4745"],"issn-type":[{"value":"3005-4745","type":"print"},{"value":"3005-4745","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]]}}}