{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T01:31:46Z","timestamp":1792373506838,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"SPIE-Intl Soc Optical Eng","issue":"04","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Wilmer Eye Institute Pooled Professor Fund"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007408","name":"Research to Prevent Blindness","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007408","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"},{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04drjs621","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biophoton. Discovery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>SignificanceAccess to diagnostic eye care could be expanded with high-throughput and easy-to-use tools. Phase mask-based imaging may improve the fundus camera by enabling computational refocusing with no moving parts, reducing hardware complexity and cost. Although phase mask-based imaging has been demonstrated in a model eye, this approach has not been shown in vivo.AimA computational fundus camera was designed, constructed, and evaluated with the goal of determining the feasibility and performance of phase mask-based computational imaging of the in vivo fundus.ApproachA holographic diffuser was introduced in a modified commercial fundus camera at a plane conjugate to the ocular pupil, resulting in a linear and shift-invariant point spread function that varies with refractive error. The image could be digitally refocused across a range of \u2265\u00b110 diopters of defocus error. The device was tested for ocular safety, and a human imaging pilot study was performed.ResultsThe device captured and digitally refocused color human fundus images. The field of view was \u226535 deg, and resolution was 7.7 to 9.6 line pairs per millimeter.ConclusionWe present the first in vivo diffuser-based fundus images, demonstrating the feasibility of computational imaging for ocular diagnostics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1117\/1.bios.2.4.042306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T14:14:23Z","timestamp":1755785663000},"page":"1-16","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["In vivo fundus imaging and computational refocusing with a diffuser-based fundus camera"],"prefix":"10.1117","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Corey","family":"Simmerer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marisa","family":"Morakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1316-4456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lia","family":"Gomez-Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2957-0755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T. Y. Alvin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wilmer Eye Institute"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9808-7383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas J.","family":"Durr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"189","container-title":["Biophotonics Discovery"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.spiedigitallibrary.org\/journals\/biophotonics-discovery\/volume-2\/issue-04\/042306\/In-vivo-fundus-imaging-and-computational-refocusing-with-a-diffuser\/10.1117\/1.BIOS.2.4.042306.full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T20:42:25Z","timestamp":1790196145000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.spiedigitallibrary.org\/journals\/biophotonics-discovery\/volume-2\/issue-04\/042306\/In-vivo-fundus-imaging-and-computational-refocusing-with-a-diffuser\/10.1117\/1.BIOS.2.4.042306.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"04","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1117\/1.bios.2.4.042306","relation":{},"ISSN":["3005-4745","3005-4745"],"issn-type":[{"value":"3005-4745","type":"print"},{"value":"3005-4745","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]]}}}