{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T09:13:43Z","timestamp":1790673223620,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"SPIE-Intl Soc Optical Eng","issue":"07","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]],"date-time":"2023-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689206400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Biomed. Opt."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>SignificanceUsing functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) could help to understand how echolocating animals perceive their environment and how they focus on specific auditory objects, such as fish, in noisy marine settings.AimTo test the feasibility of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in medium-sized marine mammals, such as dolphins, we modeled the light propagation with computational tools to determine the wavelengths, optode locations, and separation distances that maximize sensitivity to brain tissue.ApproachUsing frequency-domain NIRS, we measured the absorption and reduced scattering coefficient of dolphin sculp. We assigned muscle, bone, and brain optical properties from the literature and modeled light propagation in a spatially accurate and biologically relevant model of a dolphin head, using finite-element modeling. We assessed tissue sensitivities for a range of wavelengths (600 to 1700\u00a0nm), source\u2013detector distances (50 to 120\u00a0mm), and animal sizes (juvenile model 25% smaller than adult).ResultsWe found that the wavelengths most suitable for imaging the brain fell into two ranges: 700 to 900\u00a0nm and 1100 to 1150\u00a0nm. The optimal location for brain sensing positioned the center point between source and detector 30 to 50\u00a0mm caudal of the blowhole and at an angle 45\u00a0deg to 90\u00a0deg lateral off the midsagittal plane. Brain tissue sensitivity comparable to human measurements appears achievable only for smaller animals, such as juvenile bottlenose dolphins or smaller species of cetaceans, such as porpoises, or with source\u2013detector separations \u226b100 mm in adult dolphins.ConclusionsBrain measurements in juvenile or subadult dolphins, or smaller dolphin species, may be possible using specialized fNIRS devices that support optode separations of &gt;100 mm. We speculate that many measurement repetitions will be required to overcome hemodynamic signals originating predominantly from the muscle layer above the skull. NIRS measurements of muscle tissue are feasible today with source\u2013detector separations of 50\u00a0mm, or even less.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1117\/1.jbo.28.7.075001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]],"date-time":"2023-07-13T17:02:43Z","timestamp":1689267763000},"page":"1-18","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Evaluating feasibility of functional near-infrared spectroscopy in dolphins"],"prefix":"10.1117","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Alexander","family":"Ruesch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon Univ."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5933-0528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deepshikha","family":"Acharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon Univ."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eli","family":"Bulger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon 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