{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T01:05:38Z","timestamp":1790211938971,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"SPIE-Intl Soc Optical Eng","issue":"09","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]],"date-time":"2023-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Biomed. Opt."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>SignificanceMultispectral photoacoustic imaging has the potential to identify lipid-rich, myelinated nerve tissue in an interventional or surgical setting (e.g., to guide intraoperative decisions when exposing a nerve during reconstructive surgery by limiting operations to nerves needing repair, with no impact to healthy or regenerating nerves). Lipids have two optical absorption peaks within the NIR-II and NIR-III windows (i.e., 1000 to 1350\u00a0nm and 1550 to 1870\u00a0nm wavelength ranges, respectively) which can be exploited to obtain photoacoustic images. However, nerve visualization within the NIR-III window is more desirable due to higher lipid absorption peaks and a corresponding valley in the optical absorption of water.AimWe present the first known optical absorption characterizations, photoacoustic spectral demonstrations, and histological validations to support in vivo photoacoustic nerve imaging in the NIR-III window.ApproachFour in vivo swine peripheral nerves were excised, and the optical absorption spectra of these fresh ex vivo nerves were characterized at wavelengths spanning 800 to 1880\u00a0nm, to provide the first known nerve optical absorbance spectra and to enable photoacoustic amplitude spectra characterization with the most optimal wavelength range. Prior to excision, the latter two of the four nerves were surrounded by aqueous, lipid-free, agarose blocks (i.e., 3% w\/v agarose) to enhance acoustic coupling during in vivo multispectral photoacoustic imaging using the optimal NIR-III wavelengths (i.e., 1630 to 1850\u00a0nm) identified in the ex vivo studies.ResultsThere was a verified characteristic lipid absorption peak at 1725\u00a0nm for each ex vivo nerve. Results additionally suggest that the 1630 to 1850\u00a0nm wavelength range can successfully visualize and differentiate lipid-rich nerves from surrounding water-containing and lipid-deficient tissues and materials.ConclusionsPhotoacoustic imaging using the optimal wavelengths identified and demonstrated for nerves holds promise for detection of myelination in exposed and isolated nerve tissue during a nerve repair surgery, with possible future implications for other surgeries and other optics-based technologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1117\/1.jbo.28.9.097001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]],"date-time":"2023-09-04T03:30:21Z","timestamp":1693798221000},"page":"1-18","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Optical absorption spectra and corresponding in vivo photoacoustic visualization of exposed peripheral nerves"],"prefix":"10.1117","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7791-4877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle T.","family":"Graham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins Univ."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7219-7509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arunima","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins Univ."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William M.","family":"Padovano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Johns Hopkins Univ. 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