{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:13Z","timestamp":1790208013976,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"SPIE-Intl Soc Optical Eng","issue":"07","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000070","name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01EB027113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EB027113"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000070","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"},{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00372qc85","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institute of Deafness and Communication Disorders","award":["R01DC022232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DC022232"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Biomed. Opt."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>SignificanceCholesteatomas, benign tumors that grow in the middle ear, can lead to conductive hearing loss. If not completely removed during surgery, these tumors may regrow. Current imaging technologies struggle to detect residual tumors noninvasively due to limitations in contrast and resolution, often necessitating additional surgery for inspection. To address this, we developed a catheter endoscope capable of being inserted through the Eustachian tube, allowing detailed examination of the middle ear without surgery. Using two-photon polymerization (2PP) technology, we fabricated miniature, side-viewing reflective endoscope objectives. This approach enabled the rapid production of single-element objectives with highly repeatable optical properties, easily adaptable to specific imaging needs.AimWe aim to design, fabricate, and demonstrate a catheter endoscope for optical coherence tomography (OCT) endoscopy of the middle ear via the Eustachian tube.ApproachSide-viewing, reflective lenses were designed in OpticStudio and 3D printed using 2PP followed by sputter coating with gold. Standard metrology techniques were used to verify and optimize the objective\u2019s shape. The optical performance of the catheter endoscopes was measured with a beam profiler. Finally, OCT imaging of the middle ear of a pig via the Eustachian tube was completed using the fully assembled catheter endoscope.ResultsMetrology showed the printed lenses conformed closely to the design. The catheter endoscope\u2019s FWHM spot size had a mean \u00b1 standard deviation of 25.3\u00b11.8 \u03bcm with a measured working distance of 1.960\u00b10.057 mm. Volumetric OCT images of the middle ear, inner ear, and Eustachian tube were captured in a postmortem pig head using the catheter endoscope.ConclusionsThe 2PP approach is fast and highly repeatable for miniature reflective objective fabrication. OCT catheter endoscopy via the Eustachian tube enabled imaging of the middle ear, Eustachian tube, and surprisingly part of the inner ear.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1117\/1.jbo.30.7.076002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T04:04:35Z","timestamp":1751515475000},"page":"1-16","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Flexible catheter optical coherence tomography of the porcine middle ear via the Eustachian tube using a 3D-printed reflective objective"],"prefix":"10.1117","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1137-9071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clayton B.","family":"Walker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Southern California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2110-0376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin","family":"Beckford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rice University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1409-4725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zihan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Southern California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7962-4513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinyun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rice University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4448-7215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wihan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Southern California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz S.","family":"Tkaczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rice University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2795-5678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian E.","family":"Applegate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Southern California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"189","container-title":["Journal of Biomedical Optics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.spiedigitallibrary.org\/journals\/journal-of-biomedical-optics\/volume-30\/issue-07\/076002\/Flexible-catheter-optical-coherence-tomography-of-the-porcine-middle-ear\/10.1117\/1.JBO.30.7.076002.full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T23:06:20Z","timestamp":1790204780000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.spiedigitallibrary.org\/journals\/journal-of-biomedical-optics\/volume-30\/issue-07\/076002\/Flexible-catheter-optical-coherence-tomography-of-the-porcine-middle-ear\/10.1117\/1.JBO.30.7.076002.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"07","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1117\/1.jbo.30.7.076002","relation":{},"ISSN":["1083-3668","1560-2281"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1083-3668","type":"print"},{"value":"1560-2281","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]]}}}