{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T18:10:03Z","timestamp":1791915003285,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"SPIE-Intl Soc Optical Eng","issue":"06","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000070","name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01EB030058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01EB030058"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000070","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Med. Imag."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose: Transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS) is a widely used real-time and non-invasive imaging technique for fetal and maternal care. It can provide structural and functional measurements about the fetal brain, such as blood vessel diameter and blood flow. However, it lacks certain biochemical estimations, such as hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SO2), which limits its ability to indicate a fetus at risk of birth asphyxia. Photoacoustic (PA) imaging has been steadily growing in recognition as a complement to ultrasound (US). Studies have shown PA imaging is capable of providing such biochemical estimations as SO2 at relatively high penetration depth (up to 30\u00a0mm).\nApproach: In this study, we have designed and developed a multi-modal (US, PA, and Doppler) endocavity imaging system (ECUSPA) around a commercialized TVUS probe (Philips ATL C9-5).\nResults: The integrated system was evaluated through a set of in-vitro, ex-vivo, and in-vivo studies. Imaging of excised sheep brain tissue demonstrated the system\u2019s utility and penetration depth in transfontanelle imaging conditions. The accuracy of using the spectroscopic PA imaging (sPA) method to estimate SO2 was validated by comparing sPA oximetry results with the gold standard measurements indicated by a blood gas analyzer. The ability of US and Doppler to measure moving blood volume was evaluated in-vivo. Spectral unmixing capabilities were tested using fluorophores within sheep brains.\nConclusion: The developed system is a high resolution (about 200\u2009\u2009\u03bcm at 30\u00a0mm depth), real-time (at 30\u00a0Hz), and quantitative (SO2 estimation error &lt;10\u2009\u2009%\u2009\u2009) imaging tool with a total diameter less than 30\u00a0mm, making it suitable for intrapartum applications such as fetal and maternal diagnostics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1117\/1.jmi.8.6.066001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]],"date-time":"2021-11-09T12:55:12Z","timestamp":1636462512000},"page":"1-15","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Endocavity ultrasound and photoacoustic system for fetal and maternal imaging: design, implementation, and ex-vivo validation"],"prefix":"10.1117","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8137-2372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wayne State Univ."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edgar","family":"Hernandez-Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6727-5314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maryam","family":"Basij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wayne State Univ."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suhail S.","family":"Alshahrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Saud Univ."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sirisha","family":"Kondle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wayne State Univ."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barrington O.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wayne State Univ."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8413-6161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juri","family":"Gelovani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wayne State Univ."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wayne State Univ."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaur-Dong","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9264-9354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Mehrmohammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wayne State Univ."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"189","container-title":["Journal of Medical Imaging"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.spiedigitallibrary.org\/journals\/journal-of-medical-imaging\/volume-8\/issue-06\/066001\/Endocavity-ultrasound-and-photoacoustic-system-for-fetal-and-maternal-imaging\/10.1117\/1.JMI.8.6.066001.full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T17:11:33Z","timestamp":1790269893000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.spiedigitallibrary.org\/journals\/journal-of-medical-imaging\/volume-8\/issue-06\/066001\/Endocavity-ultrasound-and-photoacoustic-system-for-fetal-and-maternal-imaging\/10.1117\/1.JMI.8.6.066001.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"06","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1117\/1.jmi.8.6.066001","relation":{},"ISSN":["2329-4302","2329-4310"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2329-4302","type":"print"},{"value":"2329-4310","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]]}}}