{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T01:06:14Z","timestamp":1790211974124,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"SPIE-Intl Soc Optical Eng","issue":"04","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]],"date-time":"2023-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698883200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurophoton."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>SignificanceBrain\u2013computer interfaces (BCIs) can provide severely motor-impaired patients with a motor-independent communication channel. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) constitutes a promising BCI-input modality given its high mobility, safety, user comfort, cost-efficiency, and relatively low motion sensitivity.AimThe present study aimed at developing an efficient and convenient two-choice fNIRS communication BCI by implementing a relatively short encoding time (2\u00a0s), considerably increasing communication speed, and decreasing the cognitive load of BCI users.ApproachTo encode binary answers to 10 biographical questions, 10 healthy adults repeatedly performed a combined motor-speech imagery task within 2 different time windows guided by auditory instructions. Each answer-encoding run consisted of 10 trials. Answers were decoded during the ongoing experiment from the time course of the individually identified most-informative fNIRS channel-by-chromophore combination.ResultsThe answers of participants were decoded online with an accuracy of 85.8% (run-based group mean). Post-hoc analysis yielded an average single-trial accuracy of 68.1%. Analysis of the effect of number of trial repetitions showed that the best information-transfer rate could be obtained by combining four encoding trials.ConclusionsThe study demonstrates that an encoding time as short as 2\u00a0s can enable immediate, efficient, and convenient fNIRS-BCI communication.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1117\/1.nph.10.4.045005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]],"date-time":"2023-11-02T03:45:15Z","timestamp":1698896715000},"page":"1-17","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["It takes two (seconds): decreasing encoding time for two-choice functional near-infrared spectroscopy brain\u2013computer interface communication"],"prefix":"10.1117","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Vorreuther","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Maastricht 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