{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:25:54Z","timestamp":1792787154015,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"SPIE-Intl Soc Optical Eng","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Economic and Social Research Council, Doctoral Training Pathway Studentship","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03n0ht308","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Gates Foundation","award":["OPP1127625"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1127625"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0456r8d26","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"International Nutrition Group by the Medical Research Council UK and the UK Department for International Development (DfID) under the MRC\/DfID Concordat agreement","award":["MC-A760-5QX00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MC-A760-5QX00"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05rf29967","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Medical Research Council Programme Grant","award":["MR\/T003057\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/T003057\/1"]}]},{"name":"UKRI Future Leaders fellowship","award":["MR\/S018425\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/S018425\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurophoton."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>SignificanceNeonates undergo rapid development, yet the examination of emerging brain markers across paradigms, cognitive domains, and diverse global populations remains limited.AimWe investigated whether brain responses at 1 month of age could be interrogated across paradigms to offer deeper context-specific insights into neurodevelopment.ApproachFunctional near-infrared spectroscopy was used to assess frontal and temporal brain responses during natural sleep in 181 infants from a low-income setting (rural Gambia) and 58 infants from a higher-income setting (Cambridge, United Kingdom) during three auditory paradigms: social selectivity, habituation and novelty detection, and functional connectivity. Paradigm-level brain responses were analyzed using threshold-free cluster enhancement and cross-paradigm comparisons of individual responses.ResultsBoth Gambian and UK infants showed habituation but not novelty responses, higher inter- versus intra-hemispheric connectivity, stronger inter-hemispheric connectivity in temporal relative to frontal regions, stronger inter-regional connectivity between right temporal and left frontal regions, and nonvocal &gt; vocal selectivity (UK infants only).ConclusionsCross-cohort differences in the cross-paradigm analyses suggest that context-specific developmental markers are evident within the first month of life and show high individual variability. Cross-paradigm analyses revealed that greater vocal selectivity (UK) is associated with higher inter-hemispheric connectivity, potentially allowing us to identify biomarkers of more mature neurodevelopment within the first weeks of postnatal life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1117\/1.nph.13.s1.s13007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T17:10:46Z","timestamp":1768929046000},"page":"1-24","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cross-paradigm fNIRS brain activity in 1-month-old infants across The Gambia and the United Kingdom"],"prefix":"10.1117","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Isobel","family":"Greenhalgh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. of Cambridge"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5533-2086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Borja","family":"Blanco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. of Cambridge"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Bulgarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Birkbeck, Univ. of London"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ebrima","family":"Mbye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ebou","family":"Touray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Rozhko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. of Cambridge"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Katus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. of Greenwich"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Hayes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hertfordshire Partnership Univ."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha","family":"McCann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s College London"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie  E.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clare  E.","family":"Elwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. College London"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7276-5609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Blasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. College London"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Lloyd-Fox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. of Cambridge"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"189","container-title":["Neurophotonics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.spiedigitallibrary.org\/journals\/neurophotonics\/volume-13\/issue-S1\/S13007\/Cross-paradigm-fNIRS-brain-activity-in-1-month-old-infants\/10.1117\/1.NPh.13.S1.S13007.full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T20:23:23Z","timestamp":1790195003000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.spiedigitallibrary.org\/journals\/neurophotonics\/volume-13\/issue-S1\/S13007\/Cross-paradigm-fNIRS-brain-activity-in-1-month-old-infants\/10.1117\/1.NPh.13.S1.S13007.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"S1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1117\/1.nph.13.s1.s13007","relation":{},"ISSN":["2329-423X","2329-4248"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2329-423X","type":"print"},{"value":"2329-4248","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]}}}