{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T10:02:36Z","timestamp":1792404156185,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"SPIE-Intl Soc Optical Eng","issue":"03","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,14]],"date-time":"2022-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurophoton."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Brain barriers are crucial sites for cerebral energy supply, waste removal, immune cell migration, and solute exchange, all of which maintain an appropriate environment for neuronal activity. At the capillary level, where the largest area of brain\u2013vascular interface occurs, pericytes adjust cerebral blood flow (CBF) by regulating capillary diameter and maintain the blood\u2013brain barrier (BBB) by suppressing endothelial cell (EC) transcytosis and inducing tight junction expression between ECs. Pericytes also limit the infiltration of circulating leukocytes into the brain where resident microglia confine brain injury and provide the first line of defence against invading pathogens. Brain \u201cwaste\u201d is cleared across the BBB into the blood, phagocytosed by microglia and astrocytes, or removed by the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) through perivascular routes\u2014a process driven by respiratory motion and the pulsation of the heart, arteriolar smooth muscle, and possibly pericytes. \u201cDirty\u201d CSF exits the brain and is probably drained around olfactory nerve rootlets and via the dural meningeal lymphatic vessels and possibly the skull bone marrow. The brain is widely regarded as an immune-privileged organ because it is accessible to few antigen-primed leukocytes. Leukocytes enter the brain via the meninges, the BBB, and the blood-CSF barrier. Advances in genetic and imaging tools have revealed that neurological diseases significantly alter immune\u2013brain barrier interactions in at least three ways: (1)\u00a0the brain\u2019s immune-privileged status is compromised when pericytes are lost or lymphatic vessels are dysregulated; (2)\u00a0immune cells release vasoactive molecules to regulate CBF, modulate arteriole stiffness, and can plug and eliminate capillaries which impairs CBF and possibly waste clearance; and (3)\u00a0immune\u2013vascular interactions can make the BBB leaky via multiple mechanisms, thus aggravating the influx of undesirable substances and cells. Here, we review developments in these three areas and briefly discuss potential therapeutic avenues for restoring brain barrier functions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1117\/1.nph.9.3.031914","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,14]],"date-time":"2022-05-14T13:26:50Z","timestamp":1652534810000},"page":"1-29","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Immune\u2013vascular mural cell interactions: consequences for immune cell trafficking, cerebral blood flow, and the blood\u2013brain barrier"],"prefix":"10.1117","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Barkaway","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. College London"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3618-0843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Attwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. College London"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nils","family":"Korte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. College London"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"189","container-title":["Neurophotonics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.spiedigitallibrary.org\/journals\/neurophotonics\/volume-9\/issue-03\/031914\/Immunevascular-mural-cell-interactions--consequences-for-immune-cell-trafficking\/10.1117\/1.NPh.9.3.031914.full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T16:50:01Z","timestamp":1790268601000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.spiedigitallibrary.org\/journals\/neurophotonics\/volume-9\/issue-03\/031914\/Immunevascular-mural-cell-interactions--consequences-for-immune-cell-trafficking\/10.1117\/1.NPh.9.3.031914.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,14]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"03","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1117\/1.nph.9.3.031914","relation":{},"ISSN":["2329-423X","2329-4248"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2329-423X","type":"print"},{"value":"2329-4248","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,14]]}}}