{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]],"date-time":"2025-10-19T05:46:10Z","timestamp":1760852770400,"version":"3.30.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,5,20]],"date-time":"2002-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1021852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Pediatric radiographic examinations yield medical benefits and\/or diagnostic information that must be balanced against potential risk from patient radiation exposure. Consequently, clinical tools for measuring internal organ dose are needed for medical risk assessment. In this study, a physical phantom and Monte Carlo simulation model of the newborn patient were developed based upon their stylized mathematical expressions (ORNL and MIRD model series). The physical phantom was constructed using tissue equivalent substitutes for soft tissue, lung, and skeleton. Twenty metal\u2013oxide\u2013semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) dosimeters were then inserted at three\u2010dimensional positions representing the centroids of organs assigned in the ICRP's definition of the effective dose. MOSFET\u2010derived point estimates of organ dose were shown to be in reasonable agreement with Monte Carlo estimates for representative newborn head, chest, and abdomen radiographic exams. Ratios of average organ dose assessed via MCNP simulations to the MOSFET\u2010derived point doses (point\u2010to\u2010organ dose scaling factors,<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/mp1516-math-0001.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:00942405:media:mp1516:mp1516-math-0001\"\/>are tabulated for subsequent use in clinical irradiations of the newborn phantom\/MOSFET system. Values of<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/mp1516-math-0002.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:00942405:media:mp1516:mp1516-math-0002\"\/>indicate that MOSFET measurements of point dose for in\u2010field exposures need to be adjusted only to within 10% to report volume\u2010averaged organ dose. Larger adjustments to point doses are noted for organs out\u2010of\u2010field. For walled organs, point estimates of organ dose at the content centroid are shown to underestimate the average wall dose when the organ is within the primary field:<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/mp1516-math-0003.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:00942405:media:mp1516:mp1516-math-0003\"\/>of 1.19 for the stomach (AP chest exam), and<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/mp1516-math-0004.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:00942405:media:mp1516:mp1516-math-0004\"\/>of 1.15 for the urinary bladder (AP abdomen exam).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1118\/1.1481516","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T14:25:28Z","timestamp":1027693528000},"page":"1080-1089","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Comparisons of point and average organ dose within an anthropomorphic physical phantom and a computational model of the newborn patient"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"J. B.","family":"Sessions","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. N.","family":"Roshau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. A.","family":"Tressler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D. E.","family":"Hintenlang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. M.","family":"Arreola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. L.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L. G.","family":"Bouchet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"W. E.","family":"Bolch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"NCRP \u201cExposure of the U.S. population from diagnostic medical radiation \u201d Report No. 100 National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements Bestheda 1989."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"NCRP \u201cIonizing radiation exposure of the population of the United States \u201d Report No. 93 National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements Bethesda 1987."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"A. K. Poznanski \u201cRadiation protection issues in imaging infants and children \u201d inRadiation Protection in Medicine: Contemporary Issues edited by P. C. 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Wall \u201cNormalized Organ Doses for Medical x\u2010ray Examinations calculated using Monte Carlo Techniques \u201d NRPB Report No. SR262 National Radiological Protection Board Chilton UK 1994."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"D. Hart D. G. Jones and B. F. Wall \u201cCoefficients for Estimating Effective Dose from Pediatric x\u2010ray Examinations \u201d NRPB Report No. 279 National Radiological Protection Board Chilton UK 1996."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.178.3.1994397"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004032-199509000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Cristy and K. F. Eckerman Specific Absorbed Fractions of Energy at Various Ages from Internal Photon Sources(Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge 1987) ORNL\/TM\u20108381\/Vols. I\u2013VII.","DOI":"10.2172\/6202949"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","unstructured":"L. G. Bouchet W. E. Bolch B. A. 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