{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:34:58Z","timestamp":1772325298532,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,28]],"date-time":"2002-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1035763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Manganese (Mn) is an essential nutrient for growth and development. Unfortunately, overexposure can lead to neurological damage, which is manifested as a movement disorder marked by tremors. Preclinical symptoms have been found in populations occupationally exposed to the element, and it is suggested that in late stages of the disorder, removing the Mn exposure will not prevent symptoms from progressing. Hence, it is desirable to have a means of monitoring Mn body burden.\n                    <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    neutron activation analysis (IVNAA) is a technique which allows the concentration of some elements to be determined within sites of the body without invasive procedures. Data in the literature suggests that the Mn concentration in bone is greater than other tissues, and that it may be a long term storage site following exposure. Therefore, using the McMaster KN\u2010accelerator to produce neutrons through the\n                    <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/mp7613-math-0001.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:00942405:media:mp7613:mp7613-math-0001\"\/>\n                    reaction, the feasibility of IVNAA for measuring Mn levels in the human hand bone was investigated. Mn is activated through the\n                    <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/mp7613-math-0002.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:00942405:media:mp7613:mp7613-math-0002\"\/>\n                    reaction, and the 847 keV gamma rays emitted when\n                    <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/mp7613-math-0003.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:00942405:media:mp7613:mp7613-math-0003\"\/>\n                    decays are measured outside the body using NaI(Tl) detectors. An optimal incident proton energy of 2.00 MeV was determined from indium foil and microdosimetry measurements. Hand phantom data suggest a minimum detectable limit of approximately 1.8 ppm could be achieved with a reasonably low dose of 50 mSv to the hand (normal manganese levels in the human hand are approximately 1 ppm). It is recommended the technique be developed further to make human\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    measurements.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1118\/1.1517613","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,11,7]],"date-time":"2002-11-07T15:10:45Z","timestamp":1036681845000},"page":"2718-2724","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["An accelerator based system for\n                    <i>in vivo<\/i>\n                    neutron activation analysis measurements of manganese in human hand bones"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"M. L.","family":"Arnold","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F. E.","family":"McNeill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"I. M.","family":"Stronach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Pejovic\u2010Milic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D. R.","family":"Chettle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Waker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700110307"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700110308"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"Assessment of the permissible exposure level to manganese in workers exposed to manganese dioxide dust","volume":"49","author":"Roels H. A.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br. J. Ind. 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