{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,4]],"date-time":"2023-10-04T09:42:34Z","timestamp":1696412554678},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6Part1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,26]],"date-time":"2005-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1117065600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Qualitative and quantitative equivalence of spectra transmitted by two different elemental filters require a good match in terms of shape and size over the entire energy range of 0\u2013150 keV used in medical diagnostic radiology. However, the photoelectric absorptions and Compton scattering involved in the interaction of x rays with matter at these relatively low photon energies differ in a nonuniform manner with energy and atomic number. By careful choice of thicknesses for filter materials with an atomic number between 12 and 39, when compared with aluminum, it is possible to obtain transmitted beams of the same shape (quality) but not of the same size (quantity). In this paper, calculations have been carried out for the matching of the shapes and sizes of beams transmitted through specified thicknesses of aluminium filter and <jats:italic>spectrally<\/jats:italic> equivalent thicknesses of other filter materials (different from aluminium) using <jats:sc>FORTRAN<\/jats:sc> source codes traceable to the American Association of Physics in Medicine (AAPM), College Park, MD, USA. Parametrized algorithms for the evaluation of quantitative differentials (deficit or surplus) in radiation output (namely, photon fluence, exposure, kerma, energy imparted, absorbed dose, and effective dose) from these transmitted spectrally equivalent beams were developed. These differentials range between 1%, and 4% at 1 mm Al filtration and between 8%, and 25% for filtration of 6 mm Al for different filter materials in comparison with aluminum. Also developed were models for factors for converting measures of photon fluence, exposure\u2010area product, (EAP), and kerma\u2010area product (KAP) to risk related quantities such as energy imparted, absorbed dose, and effective dose from the spectrally equivalent beams. The thicknesses of other filter materials that are spectrally equivalent to given thicknesses of aluminum filter were characterized using polynomial functions. The fact that the use of <jats:italic>equivalent<\/jats:italic> spectra in radiological practice can provide means of ranking the differentials in radiographic image quality and stochastic risk is discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1118\/1.1915959","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,29]],"date-time":"2005-06-29T15:44:57Z","timestamp":1120059897000},"page":"1785-1795","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Parameterized algorithms for quantitative differentials in <i>spectrally<\/i> equivalent medical diagnostic x\u2010ray beams"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Akintunde Akangbe","family":"Okunade","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14786442308565244"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.594364"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","volume-title":"Handbook of Mammography X\u2010ray Spectra","author":"Fewell T. R.","year":"1978"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031\u20109155\/24\/3\/002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","volume-title":"Handbook of Computed Tomography X\u2010ray Spectra","author":"Fewell T. R.","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.595811"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.595918"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.596220"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.596198"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.596709"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.596686"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.596848"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.597953"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0969\u20108043(98)00030\u2010X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.594933"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.595709"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031\u20109155\/31\/6\/001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.975389"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031\u20109155\/31\/12\/006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031\u20109155\/33\/10\/009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.596210"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02524689"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","article-title":"A study of the ionization method for measuring the intensity and absorption of Roentgen rays and efficiency of different filters used in therapy","volume":"15","author":"Thoraeus R.","year":"1932","journal-title":"Acta Radiol., Suppl."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","unstructured":"See EPAPS Document No.E\u2010MPHYA6\u201032\u2010017506for theEQOUT.FORandQDIFF.FORcomputer programs. This document can be reached via a direct link in the online article's HTML reference section or via the EPAPS homepage (http:\/\/www.aip.org\/pubservs\/epaps.html)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","unstructured":"R. J.Jennings \u201cIntroduction to the spectra simulation and phantom design program suite \u201d This document is traceable to the Association of American Physicists in Medicine. AAPM computer program (private communication)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.597939"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.596803"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.598153"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","unstructured":"GRAF4WIN.A computer program for graphics and curve fitting(GRAPHER(tm) for Windows v1.2 Golden Software Incorporated Golden CO USA 1993\u20131994)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016923409135053"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01001588"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.598148"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.1374247"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/42.816073"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","first-page":"732","article-title":"Analytical models for the angular distributions of filter\u2010generated scatter in diagnostic radiology","volume":"40","author":"Okunade A. A.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Indian J. Pure Appl. Phys."}],"container-title":["Medical Physics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1118%2F1.1915959","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1118%2F1.1915959","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1118\/1.1915959","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]],"date-time":"2023-10-03T15:29:09Z","timestamp":1696346949000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1118\/1.1915959"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,26]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6Part1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1118\/1.1915959"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1118\/1.1915959","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0094-2405","2473-4209"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0094-2405","type":"print"},{"value":"2473-4209","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,26]]}}}