{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T15:34:00Z","timestamp":1777908840656,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,25]],"date-time":"2007-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1190678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Stereotactic radiosurgery is used to treat intracranial lesions with a high degree of accuracy. At the present time, x\u2010ray energies at or above Co\u201060 gamma rays are used. Previous Monte Carlo simulations have demonstrated that intermediate energy x\u2010ray photons or IEPs (defined to be photons in the energy range of <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/mp5666-math-0002.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:00942405:media:mp5666:mp5666-math-0002\"\/>), combined with small field sizes, produce a reduced radiological penumbra leading to a sharper dose gradient, improved dose homogeneity and sparing of critical anatomy adjacent to the target volume. This hypothesis is based on the fact that, for small x\u2010ray fields, a dose outside the treatment volume is dictated mainly by the range of electrons set into motion by x\u2010ray photons. The purpose of this work is: (1) to produce intermediate energy x rays using a detuned medical linear accelerator, (2) to characterize the energy of this beam, (3) to measure the radiological penumbra for IEPs and small fields to compare with that produced by <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/mp5666-math-0003.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:00942405:media:mp5666:mp5666-math-0003\"\/> x rays or Co\u201060, and (4) to compare these experimental measurements with Monte Carlo computer simulations. The maximum photon energy of our IEP x\u2010ray spectrum was measured to be <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/mp5666-math-0004.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:00942405:media:mp5666:mp5666-math-0004\"\/>. Gafchromic EBT films (ISP Technologies, Wayne, NJ) were irradiated and read using a novel digital microscopy imaging system with high spatial resolution. Under identical irradiation conditions the measured radiological penumbra widths (80%\u201320% distance), for field sizes ranging from <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/mp5666-math-0005.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:00942405:media:mp5666:mp5666-math-0005\"\/>, varied from <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/mp5666-math-0006.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:00942405:media:mp5666:mp5666-math-0006\"\/> <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/mp5666-math-0007.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:00942405:media:mp5666:mp5666-math-0007\"\/> and from <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/mp5666-math-0008.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:00942405:media:mp5666:mp5666-math-0008\"\/> <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/mp5666-math-0009.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:00942405:media:mp5666:mp5666-math-0009\"\/>. Even more dramatic were the differences found when comparing the 90%\u201310% or the 95%\u20135% widths, which are in fact more significant in radiotherapy. Monte Carlo simulations agreed well with the experimental findings. The reduction in radiological penumbra could be substantial for specific clinical situations such as in the treatment of an ocular melanoma abutting the macula or for the treatment of functional disorders such as trigeminal neuralgia (a nonlethal neurological pathology) where no long\u2010term side effect should be induced by the treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1118\/1.2775666","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,3]],"date-time":"2007-10-03T22:17:45Z","timestamp":1191449865000},"page":"3996-4002","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Experimental measurement of radiological penumbra associated with intermediate energy x\u2010rays  and small radiosurgery field sizes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Brian M.","family":"Keller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Beachey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean\u2010Philippe","family":"Pignol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"316","article-title":"The sterotaxic method and radiosurgery of the brain","volume":"102","author":"Leksell L.","year":"1951","journal-title":"Acta Chir. 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