{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T07:18:10Z","timestamp":1784099890838,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,18]],"date-time":"2007-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1192665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,11]]},"abstract":"The shielding properties of two different lead\u2010free materials\u2014tin and a compound of 80% tin and 20% bismuth\u2014for protective clothing are compared with those of lead for three typical x\u2010ray spectra generated at tube voltages of 60, 75, and . Three different quantities were used to compare the shielding capability of the different materials: (1) Air\u2010kerma attenuation factors in narrow\u2010beam geometry, (2) air\u2010kerma attenuation factors in broad\u2010beam geometry, and (3) ratios of organ and effective doses in the human body for a whole\u2010body irradiation with a parallel beam directed frontally at the body. The thicknesses of tin and the tin\/bismuth compound to be compared against lead correspond to a lead equivalence value of for the spectrum. The narrow\u2010beam attenuation factors for tin are 54% and 32% lower than those for lead for 60 and ; those for tin\/bismuth are 12% and 32% lower, respectively. The decrease of the broad\u2010beam air\u2010kerma attenuation factors compared to lead is 74%, 46%, and 41% for tin and 42%, 26%, and 33% for tin\/bismuth and the spectra at 60, 75, and , respectively. Therefore, it is recommended that the characterization of the shielding potential of a material should be done by measurements in broad\u2010beam geometry. Since the secondary radiation that is mainly responsible for the shielding reduction in broad\u2010beam geometry is of low penetrability, only more superficially located organs receive significantly enhanced doses. The increase for the dose to the glandular breast tissue (female) compared to being shielded by lead is 143%, 37%, and 45% when shielded by tin, and 35%, 15%, and 39% when shielded by tin\/bismuth for 60, 75, and , respectively. The effective dose rises by 60%, 6%, and 38% for tin, and 14%, 3% and, 35% for tin\/bismuth shielding, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1118\/1.2786861","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,5]],"date-time":"2007-11-05T23:28:19Z","timestamp":1194305299000},"page":"4270-4280","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Shielding properties of lead\u2010free protective clothing and their impact on radiation doses"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Helmut","family":"Schlattl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Zankl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heinrich","family":"Eder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Hoeschen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/86.1.146"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004032\u2010199105000\u201000004"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","unstructured":"IEC Protective devices against diagnostic medical X\u2010radiation\u2014Part 3: Protective clothing and protective devices for gonads IEC 61331\u20103 (1998)."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","unstructured":"IEC Protective devices against diagnostic medical X\u2010radiation\u2014Part 1: Determination of attenuation properties of materials IEC 61331\u20101 (1994)."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.186.1.8416577"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.161.5.8273614"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.1573207"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03178704"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-857885"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-004-2571-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.2426404"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","first-page":"917","article-title":"Addendum to \u2018Composite materials for x\u2010ray protection\u2019","volume":"61","author":"Webster E. 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O.Rogers The EGSnrc code system: Monte Carlo simulation of electron and photon transport PIRS Report No. 701 (2003)."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","unstructured":"L.B\u00fcermann http:\/\/www.ptb.de\/de\/org\/6\/nachrichten6\/2006\/63406\u2010de.htm (2006)."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14786440208637217"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","unstructured":"DIN Strahlenschutzzubeh\u00f6r bei medizinischer Anwendung von R\u00f6ntgenstrahlung \u2010 Teil 1: Bestimmung der Abschirmeigenschaften von bleifreier und bleireduzierter Schutzkleidung (Entwurf) DIN 6857\u20101 (2007)."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031\u20109155\/52\/8\/006"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","article-title":"Voxel\u2010based models representing the male and female ICRP reference adult\u2014the skeleton","author":"Zankl M.","journal-title":"Radiat. Prot. 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