{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T12:16:01Z","timestamp":1773922561086,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,9]],"date-time":"2008-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1207699200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,5]]},"abstract":"The issue of neutron leakage has recently been raised in connection with dedicated electron\u2010only linear accelerators used for intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT). In particular, concern has been expressed about the degree of neutron production at energies of 10 MeV and higher due to the need for additional, perhaps permanent, shielding in the room in which the device is operated. In particular, three mobile linear accelerators available commercially offer electron energies at or above the neutron threshold, one at 9 MeV, one at 10 MeV, and the third at 12 MeV. To investigate this problem, neutron leakage has been measured around the head of two types of electron accelerators at a distance of 1 m from the target at azimuthal angles of , , , , and . The first is a dedicated electron\u2010only (nonmobile) machine with electron energies of 6 (not used here), 9, 12, 15, and 18 MeV and the second a conventional machine with electron energies of 6 (also not used here), 9, 12, 16, and 20 MeV. Measurements were made using neutron bubble detectors and track\u2010etch detectors. For electron beams from a conventional accelerator, the neutron leakage in the forward direction in Sv\/Gy is at 12 MeV, at 16 MeV, and at 20 MeV, assuming a quality factor (RBE) of 10. For azimuthal angles , the leakage is almost angle independent [ at 12 MeV; at 16 MeV, and at 20 MeV]. For the electron\u2010only machine, the neutron leakage was lower than for the conventional linac, but also independent of azimuthal angle for angles : {[: at 12 MeV; at 15 MeV; at 18 MeV]; [other angles: at 12 MeV; at 15 MeV; at 18 MeV]}. Using the upper limit of at 12 MeV for the IORT machine for azimuthal angles and assuming a workload of 200 Gy\/wk and an inverse square factor of 10, the neutron dose equivalent is calculated to be 0.012 mSv\/wk. For the primary beam at 12 MeV , the higher dose would be compensated by the attenuation of a primary beam stopper in a mobile linear accelerator. These neutron radiation levels are below regulatory values (National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, \u201cLimitation of exposure to ionizing radiation,\u201d NCRP Report No. 116, NCRP Bethesda, MD, 1993).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1118\/1.2898144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,5]],"date-time":"2008-05-05T22:23:12Z","timestamp":1210026192000},"page":"1711-1717","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Measurement of the neutron leakage from a dedicated intraoperative radiation therapy electron linear accelerator and a conventional linear accelerator for 9, 12, 15(16), and 18(20) MeV electron energies"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Adnan K.","family":"Jaradat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Biggs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2006.10.0255"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0360\u20103016(95)00280\u2010C"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(81)90003-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(90)90460-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","unstructured":"National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements \u201cNeutron contamination from medical accelerators \u201d NCRP Report No. 79 NCRP Bethesda Maryland 1984."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1120\/1.1385129"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","first-page":"489","article-title":"Radiation exposure of personnel during intra\u2010operative radiotherapy (IORT): Radiation protection aspects","volume":"23","author":"Strigari L.","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/51\/3\/014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N. E.IpeandD. D.Busick \u201cBD\u2010100: The Chalk River Nuclear Laboratories\u2019 neutron bubble detector \u201d SLAC\u2010PUB\u20104398 August (1987).","DOI":"10.2172\/1448399"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/50\/18\/004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031\u20109155\/24\/4\/007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.595446"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","unstructured":"M. M.Elsalim \u201cCharacterization of the neutron environment around Varian medical electron accelerators \u201d M.S. thesis Department of Nuclear Science San Jose State University August 1994."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","series-title":"Proceedings of a conference on neutrons from electron medical accelerators","author":"Almond P. R.","year":"1979"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","unstructured":"National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements \u201cStructural shielding design and evaluation for megavoltage x\u2010 and gamma\u2010ray radiotherapy facilities \u201d NCRP Report No. 151 NCRP Bethesda Maryland 2005."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","unstructured":"Personal communication."}],"container-title":["Medical Physics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1118%2F1.2898144","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1118%2F1.2898144","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1118\/1.2898144","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,17]],"date-time":"2023-09-17T03:08:22Z","timestamp":1694920102000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1118\/1.2898144"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,9]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1118\/1.2898144"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1118\/1.2898144","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0094-2405","2473-4209"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0094-2405","type":"print"},{"value":"2473-4209","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,9]]}}}