{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T04:16:53Z","timestamp":1791087413391,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,9]],"date-time":"2009-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1239235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007197","name":"U.S. Public Health Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CA 118305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA 118305"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007197","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007197","name":"U.S. Public Health Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CA 091713"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA 091713"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007197","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Segmentation is one of the first steps in most computer\u2010aided diagnosis systems for characterization of masses as malignant or benign. In this study, the authors designed an automated method for segmentation of breast masses on ultrasound (US) images. The method automatically estimated an initial contour based on a manually identified point approximately at the mass center. A two\u2010stage active contour method iteratively refined the initial contour and performed self\u2010examination and correction on the segmentation result. To evaluate the method, the authors compared it with manual segmentation by two experienced radiologists (R1 and R2) on a data set of 488 US images from 250 biopsy\u2010proven masses (100 malignant and 150 benign). Two area overlap ratios (<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/mp0069-math-0001.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:00942405:media:mp0069:mp0069-math-0001\"\/> and <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/mp0069-math-0002.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:00942405:media:mp0069:mp0069-math-0002\"\/>) and an area error measure were used as performance measures to evaluate the segmentation accuracy. Values for <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/mp0069-math-0003.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:00942405:media:mp0069:mp0069-math-0003\"\/>, defined as the ratio of the intersection of the computer and the reference segmented areas to the reference segmented area, were <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/mp0069-math-0004.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:00942405:media:mp0069:mp0069-math-0004\"\/> and <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/mp0069-math-0005.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:00942405:media:mp0069:mp0069-math-0005\"\/>, respectively, when manually segmented mass regions by R1 and R2 were used as the reference. Although this indicated a high agreement between the computer and manual segmentations, the two radiologists\u2019 manual segmentation results were significantly <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/mp0069-math-0006.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:00942405:media:mp0069:mp0069-math-0006\"\/> more consistent, with <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/mp0069-math-0007.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:00942405:media:mp0069:mp0069-math-0007\"\/> and <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/mp0069-math-0008.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:00942405:media:mp0069:mp0069-math-0008\"\/>, respectively, when the segmented regions by R1 and R2 were used as the reference. To evaluate the segmentation method in terms of lesion classification accuracy, feature spaces were formed by extracting texture, width\u2010to\u2010height, and posterior shadowing features based on either automated computer segmentation or the radiologists\u2019 manual segmentation. A linear discriminant analysis classifier was designed using stepwise feature selection and two\u2010fold cross validation to characterize the mass as malignant or benign. For features extracted from computer segmentation, the case\u2010based test <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/mp0069-math-0009.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:00942405:media:mp0069:mp0069-math-0009\"\/> values ranged from <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/mp0069-math-0010.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:00942405:media:mp0069:mp0069-math-0010\"\/> to <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/mp0069-math-0011.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:00942405:media:mp0069:mp0069-math-0011\"\/>, indicating a comparable performance to those extracted from manual segmentation by radiologists (<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/mp0069-math-0012.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:00942405:media:mp0069:mp0069-math-0012\"\/> value range: <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/mp0069-math-0013.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:00942405:media:mp0069:mp0069-math-0013\"\/> to <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/mp0069-math-0014.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:00942405:media:mp0069:mp0069-math-0014\"\/>).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3110069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,27]],"date-time":"2009-04-27T22:26:39Z","timestamp":1240871199000},"page":"1553-1565","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["A new automated method for the segmentation and characterization of breast masses on ultrasound images"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Jing","family":"Cui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Berkman","family":"Sahiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heang\u2010Ping","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexis","family":"Nees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chintana","family":"Paramagul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lubomir M.","family":"Hadjiiski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiazheng","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.196.1.7784555"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.213.3.r99dc20889"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.184.4.01841260"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301\u20105629(01)00491\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.212.3.r99au47817"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2242010703"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2331030432"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2423051464"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.213.2.r99nv13407"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.1429239"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.1649531"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2004.834617"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNN.2004.841414"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.1386426"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2002.808364"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.2004.23.9.1201"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2006.09.048"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.597829"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","volume-title":"The Image Processing Handbook","author":"Russ J. 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