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MLC segments are derived from fluence maps at relatively coarsely sampled angular positions. The beam segments, dose rate, and gantry speed are then optimized using direct machine parameter optimization based on dose volume objectives and leaf motion constraints to minimize arc delivery time. The method can vary both dose rate and gantry speed or alternatively determine the optimal plan at constant dose rate and gantry speed. The method was used to retrospectively generate variable dose rate VMAT plans to ten patients (head and neck, prostate, brain, lung, and tonsil). In comparison to step\u2010and\u2010shoot intensity modulated radiation therapy, dosimetric plan quality was comparable or improved, estimated delivery times ranged from 70 to 160 s, and monitor units were consistently reduced in nine out of the ten cases by an average of <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/mp2234-math-0001.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:00942405:media:mp2234:mp2234-math-0001\"\/>. Optimization and final dose calculation took between 5 and 35 min depending on plan complexity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3132234","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,29]],"date-time":"2009-05-29T16:45:07Z","timestamp":1243615507000},"page":"2328-2339","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":200,"title":["Development and evaluation of an efficient approach to volumetric arc therapy planning"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Karl","family":"Bzdusek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Friberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kjell","family":"Eriksson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bj\u00f6rn","family":"H\u00e5rdemark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Kaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031\u20109155\/40\/9\/004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.2818738"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.2409239"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031\u20109155\/48\/8\/309"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.1039"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360\u20103016(03)00663\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2004.04.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2004.06.253"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","unstructured":"T.McNutt \u201cDose calculations: Collapsed cone convolution superposition and delta pixel beam \u201d Philips White Paper No. 4535 983 02474 2002."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.1646471"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","unstructured":"P. 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