{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T20:14:01Z","timestamp":1791144841353,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,21]],"date-time":"2010-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1271808000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Realization of combined positron emission tomography (PET)\u2014magnetic resonance (MR) scanners has the potential to significantly change healthcare and revolutionize clinical practice as it allows, simultaneously, visualization of molecular imaging and anatomical imaging. PET\u2010MR, acquired in one imaging study, will likely become the advanced imaging modality of choice for neurological studies, certain forms of cancer, stroke, and the emerging study of stem cell therapy. A challenge toward the implementation and operation of combined PET\u2010MR scanners is that attenuation corrections maps are not directly available due to space and cost constraints. This article presents a method to obtain accurate patient\u2010specific PET attenuation coefficients maps in head imaging by warping an atlas computed tomography (CT) data set to the patient\u2010specific MR data set using a deformable registration model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>A multimodality optical flow deformable model has been developed that establishes a voxel\u2010to\u2010voxel correspondence between the CT atlas and patient MR images. Once the mapping is established, the atlas is warped with the deformation field obtained by the registration to create a simulated CT image study that matches the patient anatomy, which could be used for attenuation correction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate the accuracy of the deformable\u2010based attenuation correction, 17 clinical brain tumor cases were studied using acquired MR\u2010CT images. A simulated CT was compared to the patient's true CT to assess geometrical accuracy of the deformation module as well as voxel\u2010to\u2010voxel comparison of Hounsfield units (HUs). In all cases, mapping from the atlas CT to the individual MR was achieved with geometrical accuracy as judged using quantitative inspection tools. The mean distance between simulated and true CT external contour and bony anatomy was 1.26 and 2.15 mm, respectively. In terms of HU unit comparison, the mean voxel\u2010to\u2010voxel difference was less than 2 HU for all cases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Attenuation correction for hybrid PET\u2010MR scanners was easily achieved by individualizing an atlas CT to the MR data set using a deformable model without requiring user interaction. The method provided clinical accuracy while eliminating the need for an additional CT scan for PET attenuation correction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3377774","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,30]],"date-time":"2010-04-30T23:31:38Z","timestamp":1272670298000},"page":"2101-2109","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":99,"title":["MR\u2010based attenuation correction for hybrid PET\u2010MR brain imaging systems using deformable image registration"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Eduard","family":"Schreibmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathon A.","family":"Nye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David M.","family":"Schuster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego R.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Votaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Fox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0711622105"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1700"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNS.2005.858260"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-008-0857-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/51\/24\/006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmr.2007.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","series-title":"Proceedings of the Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record (2004 IEEE)","author":"Schlyer D.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/42\/10\/010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","first-page":"45","article-title":"Simultaneous MR\/PET for brain imaging: First patient scans","volume":"48","author":"Schlemmer H. \u2010P.","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. 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