{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T06:42:46Z","timestamp":1775198566724,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,28]],"date-time":"2010-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1285632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,10]]},"abstract":"Purpose:<\/jats:bold> The system is an image\u2010guided stereotactic positioning system (IGSPS) that provides real\u2010time target localization. This study involves the first use of this system with three camera pods. The authors have evaluated its localization accuracy and tracking ability using a cone\u2010beam computed tomography (CBCT) system and an optical tracking system in a clinical setting.<\/jats:p>Methods:<\/jats:bold> A modified Rando head\u2010and\u2010neck phantom and five patients receiving intracranial stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) were used to evaluate the calibration, registration, and position\u2010tracking accuracies of the system and to study surface reconstruction uncertainties, including the effects due to interfractional and intrafractional motion, skin tone, room light level, camera temperature, and image registration region of interest selection. System accuracy was validated through comparison with the Elekta kV CBCT system (XVI) and the Varian frameless SonArray (FSA) optical tracking system. Surface\u2010image data sets were acquired with the daily for the evaluation of pretreatment and interfractional and intrafractional motion for each patient. Results for two different reference image sets, planning CT surface contours (CT_S) and previously recorded optical surface images (ART_S), are reported.<\/jats:p>Results:<\/jats:bold> The system origin displacements for the and XVI systems agreed to within 1.3 mm and 0.7\u00b0. Similar results were seen for vs FSA. For the phantom displacements having couch angles of 0\u00b0, those that utilized ART_S references resulted in a mean difference of 0.9 mm\/0.4\u00b0 with respect to XVI and 0.3 mm\/0.2\u00b0 with respect to FSA. For phantom displacements of more than \u00b110 mm and \u00b13\u00b0, the maximum discrepancies between AlignRT and the XVI and FSA systems were 3.0 and 0.4 mm, respectively. For couch angles up to \u00b190\u00b0, the mean (max.) difference between the and FSA was 1.2 (2.3) mm\/0.7\u00b0 (1.2\u00b0). For all tests, the mean registration errors obtained using the CT_S references were approximately 1.3 mm\/1.0\u00b0 larger than those obtained using the ART_S references. For the patient study, the mean differences in the pretreatment displacements were 0.3 mm\/0.2\u00b0 between the and XVI systems and 1.3 mm\/1\u00b0 between the FSA and XVI systems. For noncoplanar treatments, interfractional motion displacements obtained using the ART_S and CT_S references resulted in 90th percentile differences within 2.1 mm\/0.8\u00b0 and 3.3 mm\/0.3\u00b0, respectively, compared to the FSA system. Intrafractional displacements that were tracked for a maximum of 14 min were within 1 mm\/1\u00b0 of those obtained with the FSA system. Uncertainties introduced by the bite\u2010tray were as high as 3 mm\/2\u00b0 for one patient. The combination of gantry, aSi detector panel, and x\u2010ray tube blockage effects during the CBCT acquisition resulted in a registration error of approximately 3 mm. No skin\u2010tone or surface deformation effects were seen with the limited patient sample.<\/jats:p>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> can be used as a nonionizing IGSPS with accuracy comparable to current image\/marker\u2010based systems. IGSPS and CBCT can be combined for high\u2010precision positioning without the need for patient\u2010attached localization devices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3483783","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,29]],"date-time":"2010-09-29T22:37:43Z","timestamp":1285799863000},"page":"5421-5433","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":101,"title":["Characterization of a real\u2010time surface image\u2010guided stereotactic positioning system"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Jean L.","family":"Peng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Darren","family":"Kahler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan G.","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sanjiv","family":"Samant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guanghua","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Amdur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chihray","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.2731031"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2008.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semradonc.2005.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.1368128"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(97)00055-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(98)00276-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meddos.2007.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","first-page":"1433","volume-title":"AAPM Annual Meeting","author":"Li S.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.2150778"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.1984263"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/52\/13\/019"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(99)00118-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-009-0023-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1227\/01.neu.0000325932.34154.82"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.1945347"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2007.06.086"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/54\/24\/002"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","article-title":"Quality assessment of frameless fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy using cone beam computed tomography","author":"Peng L. \u2010C.","journal-title":"Int. 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