{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T20:51:10Z","timestamp":1761252670372},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,12]],"date-time":"2010-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1289520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001868","name":"National Science Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSC95\u20102221\u2010E\u2010002\u2010023\u2010MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSC95\u20102221\u2010E\u2010002\u2010023\u2010MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001868","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fully automatic and high\u2010quality demarcation of sonographical breast lesions remains a far\u2010reaching goal. This article aims to develop an image segmentation algorithm that provides quality delineation of breast lesions in sonography with a simple and friendly semiautomatic scheme.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>A data\u2010driven image segmentation algorithm, named as augmented cell competition (ACCOMP) algorithm, is developed to delineate breast lesion boundaries in ultrasound images. Inspired by visual perceptual experience and Gestalt principles, the ACCOMP algorithm is constituted of two major processes, i.e., cell competition and cell\u2010based contour grouping. The cell competition process drives cells, i.e., the catchment basins generated by a two\u2010pass watershed transformation, to merge and split into prominent components. A prominent component is defined as a relatively large and homogeneous region circumscribed by a perceivable boundary. Based on the prominent component tessellation, cell\u2010based contour grouping process seeks the best closed subsets of edges in the prominent component structure as the desirable boundary candidates. Finally, five boundary candidates with respect to five devised boundary cost functions are suggested by the ACCOMP algorithm for user selection. To evaluate the efficacy of the ACCOMP algorithm on breast lesions with complicated echogenicity and shapes, 324 breast sonograms, including 199 benign and 125 malignant lesions, are adopted as testing data. The boundaries generated by the ACCOMP algorithm are compared to manual delineations, which were confirmed by four experienced medical doctors. Four assessment metrics, including the modified Williams index, percentage statistic, overlapping ratio, and difference ratio, are employed to see if the ACCOMP\u2010generated boundaries are comparable to manual delineations. A comparative study is also conducted by implementing two pixel\u2010based segmentation algorithms. The same four assessment metrics are employed to evaluate the boundaries generated by two conventional pixel\u2010based algorithms based on the same set of manual delineations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The ACCOMP\u2010generated boundaries are shown to be comparable to the manual delineations. Particularly, the modified Williams indices of the boundaries generated by the ACCOMP algorithm and the first and second pixel\u2010based algorithms are<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/mp2799-math-0001.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:00942405:media:mp2799:mp2799-math-0001\" \/>, <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/mp2799-math-0002.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:00942405:media:mp2799:mp2799-math-0002\" \/>, and <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/mp2799-math-0003.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:00942405:media:mp2799:mp2799-math-0003\" \/>, respectively. If the modified Williams index is greater than or equal to 1, the average distance between the computer\u2010generated boundaries and manual delineations is deemed to be comparable to that between the manual delineations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The boundaries derived by the ACCOMP algorithm are shown to reasonably demarcate sonographic breast lesions, especially for the cases with complicated echogenicity and shapes. It suggests that the ACCOMP\u2010generated boundaries can potentially serve as the basis for further morphological or quantitative analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3512799","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,1]],"date-time":"2010-12-01T00:17:30Z","timestamp":1291162650000},"page":"6240-6252","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["ACCOMP: Augmented cell competition algorithm for breast lesion demarcation in 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