{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T22:02:51Z","timestamp":1781820171996,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,1]],"date-time":"2011-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1298937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007921","name":"University of Pittsburgh","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R21\/R33 CA127169"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R21\/R33 CA127169"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007921","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The authors developed and tested a multiprobe\u2010based resonance\u2010frequency\u2010based electrical impedance spectroscopy (REIS) system. The purpose of this study was to preliminarily assess the performance of this system in classifying younger women into two groups, those ultimately recommended for biopsy during imaging\u2010based diagnostic workups that followed screening and those rated as negative during mammography.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>A seven probe\u2010based REIS system was designed, assembled, and is currently being tested in the breast imaging facility. During an examination, contact is made with the nipple and six concentric points on the breast skin. For each measurement channel between the center probe and one of the six external probes, a set of electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) signal sweeps is performed and signal outputs ranging from 200 to 800 kHz at 5 kHz interval are recorded. An initial subset of 174 examinations from an ongoing prospective clinical study was selected for this preliminary analysis. An initial set of 35 features, 33 of which represented the corresponding EIS signal differences between the left and right breasts, was established. A Gaussian mixture model (GMM) classifier was developed to differentiate between \u201cpositive\u201d (biopsy recommended) cases and \u201cnegative\u201d (nonbiopsy) cases. Selecting an optimal feature set was performed using genetic algorithms with an area under a receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) as the fitness criterion.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The recorded EIS signal sweeps showed that, in general, negative (nonbiopsy) examinations have a higher level of electrical impedance symmetry between the two breasts than positive (biopsy) examinations. Fourteen features were selected by genetic algorithm and used in the optimized GMM classifier. Using a leave\u2010one\u2010case\u2010out test, the GMM classifier yielded a performance level of<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/mp5300-math-0001.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:00942405:mp5300:equation:mp5300-math-0001\"\/>, which compared favorably to other three widely used classifiers including support vector machine, classification tree, and linear discriminant analysis. These results also suggest that the REIS signal based GMM classifier could be used as a prescreening tool to correctly identify a fraction of younger women at higher risk of developing breast cancer (i.e., 47% sensitivity at 90% specificity).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study confirms that asymmetry in electrical impedance characteristics between two breasts provides valuable information regarding the presence of a developing breast abnormality; hence, REIS data may be useful in classifying younger women into two groups of \u201caverage\u201d and \u201csignificantly higher than average\u201d risk of having or developing a breast abnormality that would ultimately result in a later imaging\u2010based recommendation for biopsy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3555300","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,4]],"date-time":"2011-03-04T14:55:04Z","timestamp":1299250504000},"page":"1649-1659","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A GMM\u2010based breast cancer risk stratification using a resonance\u2010frequency electrical impedance spectroscopy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Dror","family":"Lederman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingwei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jules H.","family":"Sumkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Gur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/canjclin.50.5.312"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa052911"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.05.0455"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2333031484"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.07.2231"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3002411"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.292.11.1317"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa031759"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(05)66646\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/canjclin.57.2.75"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.20931"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/10.1374"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","first-page":"111","article-title":"Breast cancer screening by impedance measurement","volume":"2","author":"Pipemo G.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Med. 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