{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T06:15:10Z","timestamp":1791094510567,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,11]],"date-time":"2012-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1334102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title><jats:bold>Purpose:<\/jats:bold><\/jats:title><jats:p>Accurate measurements of the RF power delivered during clinical MRI are essential for safety and regulatory compliance, avoiding inappropriate restrictions on clinical MRI sequences, and for testing the MRI safety of peripheral and interventional devices at known RF exposure levels. The goal is to make independent RF power measurements to test the accuracy of scanner\u2010reported specific absorption rate (SAR) over the extraordinary range of operating conditions routinely encountered in MRI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold><\/jats:title><jats:p>A six channel, high dynamic range, real\u2010time power profiling system was designed and built for monitoring power delivery during MRI up to 440 MHz. The system was calibrated and used in two 3 T scanners to measure power applied to human subjects during MRI scans. The results were compared with the scanner\u2010reported SAR.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold><\/jats:title><jats:p>The new power measurement system has highly linear performance over a 90 dB dynamic range and a wide range of MRI duty cycles. It has about 0.1 dB insertion loss that does not interfere with scanner operation. The measurements of whole\u2010body SAR in volunteers showed that scanner\u2010reported SAR was significantly overestimated by up to about 2.2 fold.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold><\/jats:title><jats:p>The new power monitor system can accurately and independently measure RF power deposition over the wide range of conditions routinely encountered during MRI. Scanner\u2010reported SAR values are not appropriate for setting exposure limits during device or pulse sequence testing.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3700169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,11]],"date-time":"2012-04-11T22:00:59Z","timestamp":1334181659000},"page":"2334-2341","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["A multichannel, real\u2010time MRI RF power monitor for independent SAR determination"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"AbdEl\u2010Monem M.","family":"El\u2010Sharkawy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul A.","family":"Bottomley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William A.","family":"Edelstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","unstructured":"Guidance for Industry and FDA \u201cStaff criteria for significant risk investigations of magnetic resonance diagnostic devices \u201d United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 2003."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","unstructured":"Medical electrical equipment\u2014Part 2\u201033 \u201cParticular requirements for the safety of magnetic resonance equipment for medical diagnosis \u201d European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization Central Secretariat IEC Report No. 60601\u20102\u201033 (2002)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3439590"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E.Mattei G.Calcagnini M.Triventi F.Censi P.Bartolini W.Kainz andH.Bassen \u201cMRI induced heating of pacemaker leads: Effect of temperature probe positioning and pacemaker placement on lead tip heating and local SAR \u201dConf. 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