{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T09:13:22Z","timestamp":1774084402660,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,30]],"date-time":"2012-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1335744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title><jats:bold>Purpose:<\/jats:bold><\/jats:title><jats:p>Multimodal microimaging in preclinical models is used to examine the effect of spinal metastases on bony structure; however, the evaluation of tumor burden and its effect on microstructure has thus far been mainly qualitative or semiquantitative. Quantitative analysis of multimodality imaging is a time consuming task, motivating automated methods. As such, this study aimed to develop a low complexity semiautomated multimodal \u03bcCT\/\u03bcMR based approach to segment rat vertebral structure affected by mixed osteolytic\/osteoblastic destruction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold><\/jats:title><jats:p>Mixed vertebral metastases were developed via intracardiac injection of Ace\u20101 canine prostate cancer cells in three 4\u2010week\u2010old rnu\/rnu rats. \u03bcCT imaging (for high resolution bone visualization), T1\u2010weighted \u03bcMR imaging (for bone registration), and T2\u2010weighted \u03bcMR imaging (for osteolytic tumor visualization) were conducted on one L1, three L2, and one L3 vertebrae (excised). One sample (L1\u2013L3) was processed for undecalcified histology and stained with Goldner's trichome. The \u03bcCT and \u03bcMR images were registered using a 3D rigid registration algorithm with a mutual information metric. The vertebral microarchitecture was segmented from the \u03bcCT images using atlas\u2010based demons deformable registration, levelset curvature evolution, and intensity\u2010based thresholding techniques. The \u03bcCT based segmentation contours of the whole vertebrae were used to mask the T2\u2010weighted \u03bcMR images, from which the osteolytic tumor tissue was segmented (intensity\u2010based thresholding).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold><\/jats:title><jats:p>Accurate registration of \u03bcCT and \u03bcMRI modalities yielded precise segmentation of whole vertebrae, trabecular centrums, individual trabeculae, and osteolytic tumor tissue. While the algorithm identified the osteoblastic tumor attached to the vertebral pereosteal surfaces, it was limited in segmenting osteoblastic tissue located within the trabecular centrums.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold><\/jats:title><jats:p>This semiautomated segmentation method yielded accurate registration of \u03bcCT and \u03bcMRI modalities with application to the development of mathematical models analyzing the mechanical stability of metastatically involved vertebrae and in preclinical applications evaluating new and existing treatment effects on tumor burden and skeletal microstructure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3703590","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,30]],"date-time":"2012-04-30T22:25:16Z","timestamp":1335824716000},"page":"2848-2853","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Multimodal \u03bcCT\/\u03bcMR based semiautomated segmentation of rat vertebrae affected by mixed osteolytic\/osteoblastic metastases"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Seyed\u2010Parsa","family":"Hojjat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Warren","family":"Foltz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Wise\u2010Milestone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cari M.","family":"Whyne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"15","volume-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Metastatic Bone Disease","author":"Harrington K. 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