{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T20:38:05Z","timestamp":1761597485742,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,28]],"date-time":"2014-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1390867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":581,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CA114313"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA114313"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000070","name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23EB013221"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23EB013221"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000070","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CA114313"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA114313"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000070","name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23EB013221"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23EB013221"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000070","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title><jats:bold>Purpose:<\/jats:bold><\/jats:title><jats:p>The study aims to investigate whether Nakagami parameters\u2014estimated from the statistical distribution of the backscattered ultrasound radio\u2010frequency (RF) signals\u2014could provide a means for quantitative characterization of parotid\u2010gland injury resulting from head\u2010and\u2010neck radiotherapy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold><\/jats:title><jats:p>A preliminary clinical study was conducted with 12 postradiotherapy patients and 12 healthy volunteers. Each participant underwent one ultrasound study in which ultrasound scans were performed in the longitudinal, i.e., vertical orientation on the bilateral parotids. For the 12 patients, the mean radiation dose to the parotid glands was 37.7 \u00b1 9.5 Gy, and the mean follow\u2010up time was 16.3 \u00b1 4.8 months. All enrolled patients experienced grade 1 or 2 late salivary\u2010gland toxicity (RTOG\/EORTC morbidity scale). The normal parotid glands served as the control group. The Nakagami\u2010scaling and Nakagami\u2010shape parameters were computed from the RF data to quantify radiation\u2010induced parotid\u2010gland changes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold><\/jats:title><jats:p>Significant differences in Nakagami parameters were observed between the normal and postradiotherapy parotid glands. Compared with the control group, the Nakagami\u2010scaling parameter of the postradiotherapy group decreased by 25.8% (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001), and the Nakagami\u2010shape parameter decreased by 31.3% (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.85 for the Nakagami\u2010scaling parameter and was 0.95 for the Nakagami\u2010shape parameter, which further demonstrated the diagnostic efficiency of the Nakagami parameters.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold><\/jats:title><jats:p>Nakagami parameters could be used to quantitatively measure parotid\u2010gland injury following head\u2010and\u2010neck radiotherapy. Moreover, the clinical feasibility was demonstrated and this study provides meaningful preliminary data for future clinical investigation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4862507","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,29]],"date-time":"2014-01-29T13:26:53Z","timestamp":1391002013000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Ultrasonic Nakagami\u2010parameter characterization of parotid\u2010gland injury following head\u2010and\u2010neck radiotherapy: A feasibility study of late toxicity"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Xiaofeng","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Srini","family":"Tridandapani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan 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