{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:24:23Z","timestamp":1787016263426,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,30]],"date-time":"2016-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1480464000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":791,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":335,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH\/NCI","award":["R01CA155446"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA155446"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01CA155446"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA155446"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01CA155446"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA155446"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01CA155446"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA155446"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01CA155446"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA155446"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>\n                      <jats:bold>Purpose:<\/jats:bold>\n                    <\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To develop an accurate and comprehensive Monte Carlo (MC) model of an experimental benchtop polychromatic cone\u2010beam x\u2010ray fluorescence computed tomography (XFCT) setup and apply this MC model to optimize incident x\u2010ray spectrum for improving production\/detection of x\u2010ray fluorescence photons from gold nanoparticles (GNPs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>\n                      <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    <\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A detailed MC model, based on an experimental XFCT system, was created using the Monte Carlo N\u2010Particle (MCNP) transport code. The model was validated by comparing MC results including x\u2010ray fluorescence (XRF) and scatter photon spectra with measured data obtained under identical conditions using 105 kVp cone\u2010beam x\u2010rays filtered by either 1 mm of lead (Pb) or 0.9 mm of tin (Sn). After validation, the model was used to investigate the effects of additional filtration of the incident beam with Pb and Sn. Supplementary incident x\u2010ray spectra, representing heavier filtration (Pb: 2 and 3 mm; Sn: 1, 2, and 3 mm) were computationally generated and used with the model to obtain XRF\/scatter spectra. Quasimonochromatic incident x\u2010ray spectra (81, 85, 90, 95, and 100 keV with 10 keV full width at half maximum) were also investigated to determine the ideal energy for distinguishing gold XRF signal from the scatter background. Fluorescence signal\u2010to\u2010dose ratio (FSDR) and fluorescence\u2010normalized scan time (FNST) were used as metrics to assess results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>\n                      <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    <\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Calculated XRF\/scatter spectra for 1\u2010mm Pb and 0.9\u2010mm Sn filters matched (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2265 0.996) experimental measurements. Calculated spectra representing additional filtration for both filter materials showed that the spectral hardening improved the FSDR at the expense of requiring a much longer FNST. In general, using Sn instead of Pb, at a given filter thickness, allowed an increase of up to 20% in FSDR, more prominent gold XRF peaks, and up to an order of magnitude decrease in FNST. Simulations using quasimonochromatic spectra suggested that increasing source x\u2010ray energy, in the investigated range of 81\u2013100 keV, increased the FSDR up to a factor of 20, compared to 1 mm Pb, and further facilitated separation of gold XRF peaks from the scatter background.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>\n                      <jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>\n                    <\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A detailed MC model of an experimental benchtop XFCT system has been developed and validated. In exemplary calculations to illustrate the usefulness of this model, it was shown that potential use of quasimonochromatic spectra or judicious choice of filter material\/thickness to tailor the spectrum of a polychromatic x\u2010ray source can significantly improve the performance of benchtop XFCT, while considering trade\u2010offs between FSDR and FNST. As demonstrated, the current MC model is a reliable and powerful computational tool that can greatly expedite the further development of a benchtop XFCT system for routine preclinical molecular imaging with GNPs and other metal probes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4895004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,17]],"date-time":"2014-09-17T20:31:07Z","timestamp":1410985867000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Improving x\u2010ray fluorescence signal for benchtop polychromatic cone\u2010beam x\u2010ray fluorescence computed tomography by incident x\u2010ray spectrum optimization: A Monte Carlo study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Nivedh","family":"Manohar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard L.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang Hyun","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"537","article-title":"Preliminary experiment of the fluorescent x\u2010ray computed tomography with synchrotron radiation","volume":"12","author":"Takeda T.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Med. Imag. Tech."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","author":"Boisseau P.","journal-title":"Determination of three dimensional trace element distributions by the use of monochromatic x\u2010ray microbeams"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168\u20109002(89)90802\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031\u20109155\/49\/11\/019"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/23.659557"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031\u20109155\/55\/3\/007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031\u20109155\/57\/23\/N457"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031\u20109155\/56\/12\/017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2012.2223709"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4789917"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2012.2201165"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0584\u20108547(93)80060\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sab.2012.03.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","unstructured":"X\u20105 Monte Carlo Team \u201cMCNP\u2014A General Purpose Monte Carlo N\u2010Particle Transport Code Version 5 \u201d LA\u2010UR\u201003\u20101987 2003."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2008.04.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3125137"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","author":"Manohar N.","journal-title":"Effect of source x\u2010ray energy spectra on the detection of fluorescence photons from gold nanoparticles"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","author":"Jones B. L.","journal-title":"Development of dosimetry and imaging techniques for pre\u2010clinical studies of gold nanoparticle\u2010aided radiation therapy"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","author":"Liu F.","journal-title":"Monte Carlo modeling of an x\u2010ray fluorescence detection system by the MCNP code"}],"container-title":["Medical Physics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1118%2F1.4895004","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1118%2F1.4895004","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1118\/1.4895004","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,18]],"date-time":"2023-09-18T03:48:47Z","timestamp":1695008927000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1118\/1.4895004"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1118\/1.4895004"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1118\/1.4895004","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0094-2405","2473-4209"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0094-2405","type":"print"},{"value":"2473-4209","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2014-04-17","order":0,"name":"received","label":"received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-07-22","order":1,"name":"revised","label":"revised","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-08-22","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-09-17","order":6,"name":"published","label":"published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"101906"}}