{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T13:00:19Z","timestamp":1788872419007,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,30]],"date-time":"2016-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1480464000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":760,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":304,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["1 R01 CA148053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1 R01 CA148053"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["1 R01 EB002655"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1 R01 EB002655"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1 R01 CA148053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1 R01 CA148053"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1 R01 EB002655"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1 R01 EB002655"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1 R01 CA148053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1 R01 CA148053"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1 R01 EB002655"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1 R01 EB002655"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"abstract":"\n Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n \n Contrast enhanced (CE) imaging techniques for both planar digital mammography (DM) and three\u2010dimensional (3D) digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) applications requires x\u2010ray photon energies higher than the k\u2010edge of iodine (33.2 keV). As a result, x\u2010ray tube potentials much higher (>40 kVp) than those typical for screening mammography must be utilized. Amorphous selenium (a\u2010Se) based direct conversion flat\u2010panel imagers (FPI) have been widely used in DM and DBT imaging systems. The a\u2010Se layer is typically 200 \u03bcm thick with quantum detective efficiency (QDE) >87% for x\u2010ray energies below 26 keV. However, QDE decreases substantially above this energy. To improve the object detectability of either CE\u2010DM or CE\u2010DBT, it may be advantageous to increase the thickness (\n d<\/jats:italic>\n Se<\/jats:sub>\n ) of the a\u2010Se layer. Increasing the\n d<\/jats:italic>\n Se<\/jats:sub>\n will improve the detective quantum efficiency (DQE) at the higher energies used in CE imaging. However, because most DBT systems are designed with partially isocentric geometries, where the gantry moves about a stationary detector, the oblique entry of x\u2010rays will introduce additional blur to the system. The present investigation quantifies the effect of a\u2010Se thickness on imaging performance for both CE\u2010DM and CE\u2010DBT, discussing the effects of improving photon absorption and blurring from oblique entry of x\u2010rays.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n In this paper, a cascaded linear system model (CLSM) was used to investigate the effect of\n d<\/jats:italic>\n Se<\/jats:sub>\n on the imaging performance (i.e., MTF, NPS, and DQE) of FPI in CE\u2010DM and CE\u2010DBT. The results from the model are used to calculate the ideal observer signal\u2010to\u2010noise ratio,\n d<\/jats:italic>\n \u2032, which is used as a figure\u2010of\u2010merit to determine the total effect of increasing\n d<\/jats:italic>\n Se<\/jats:sub>\n for CE\u2010DM and CE\u2010DBT.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n The results of the CLSM show that increasing\n d<\/jats:italic>\n Se<\/jats:sub>\n causes a substantial increase in QDE at the high energies used in CE\u2010DM. However, at the oblique projection angles used in DBT, the increased length of penetration through a\u2010Se introduces additional image blur. The reduced MTF and DQE at high spatial frequencies lead to reduced two\u2010dimensional\n d<\/jats:italic>\n \u2032. These losses in projection image resolution may subsequently result in a decrease in the 3D\n d<\/jats:italic>\n \u2032, but the degree of which is largely dependent on the DBT reconstruction algorithm. For a filtered backprojection (FBP) algorithm with spectral apodization and slice\u2010thickness filters, which dominate the blur for reconstructed images at oblique angles, the effect of oblique entry of x\u2010rays on 3D\n d<\/jats:italic>\n \u2032 is minimal. Thus, increasing\n d<\/jats:italic>\n Se<\/jats:sub>\n results in an improvement in\n d<\/jats:italic>\n \u2032 for both CE\u2010DM and CE\u2010DBT with typical FBP reconstruction parameters.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n \n Increased\n d<\/jats:italic>\n Se<\/jats:sub>\n improves CE breast imaging performance by increasing QDE of detectors at higher energies, e.g., 49 kVp. Although there is additional blur in the oblique angled projections of a DBT scan, the overall 3D\n d<\/jats:italic>\n \u2032 for DBT is not degraded because the dominant source blur at these angles results from the reconstruction filters of the employed FBP algorithm.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4897244","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,13]],"date-time":"2014-10-13T20:30:34Z","timestamp":1413232234000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The effect of amorphous selenium detector thickness on dual\u2010energy digital breast imaging"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Yue\u2010Houng","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330\u2010010\u20101944\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.rli.0000167421.83203.4e"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2009.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2008.07.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.05.1944"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/bcr3210"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3371689"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4801905"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2291021276"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.654682"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.713703"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-70538-3_17"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.878134"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.911433"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2008028"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.2996014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3040178"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.1405845"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.598229"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.2996110"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3570580"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3429025"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.2400620"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.2826556"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.1901203"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.317063"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.597953"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.598097"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-13666-5_81"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.2241994"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.813744"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.310839"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.651380"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1078\u20108174(97)90038\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3560428"}],"container-title":["Medical 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