{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T21:15:11Z","timestamp":1790198111320,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,22]],"date-time":"2015-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1421884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":222,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5U19AI067798"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5U19AI067798"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005187","name":"U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRC-HQ-12-G-38-0022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRC-HQ-12-G-38-0022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005187","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5U19AI067798"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5U19AI067798"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005187","name":"U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRC\u2010HQ\u201012\u2010G\u201038\u20100022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRC\u2010HQ\u201012\u2010G\u201038\u20100022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005187","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5U19AI067798"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5U19AI067798"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005187","name":"U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRC-HQ-12-G-38-0022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRC-HQ-12-G-38-0022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005187","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Sophisticated small animal irradiators, incorporating cone\u2010beam\u2010CT image\u2010guidance, have recently been developed which enable exploration of the efficacy of advanced radiation treatments in the preclinical setting. Microstereotactic\u2010body\u2010radiation\u2010therapy (microSBRT) is one technique of interest, utilizing field sizes in the range of 1\u201315 mm. Verification of the accuracy of microSBRT treatment delivery is challenging due to the lack of available methods to comprehensively measure dose distributions in representative phantoms with sufficiently high spatial resolution and in 3 dimensions (3D). This work introduces a potential solution in the form of anatomically accurate rodent\u2010morphic 3D dosimeters compatible with ultrahigh resolution (0.3 mm\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) optical computed tomography (optical\u2010CT) dose read\u2010out.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Rodent\u2010morphic dosimeters were produced by 3D\u2010printing molds of rodent anatomy directly from contours defined on x\u2010ray CT data sets of rats and mice, and using these molds to create tissue\u2010equivalent radiochromic 3D dosimeters from Presage. Anatomically accurate spines were incorporated into some dosimeters, by first 3D printing the spine mold, then forming a high\u2010\n                      <jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>\n                      bone equivalent spine insert. This spine insert was then set inside the tissue equivalent body mold. The high\u2010\n                      <jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>\n                      spinal insert enabled representative cone\u2010beam CT IGRT targeting. On irradiation, a linear radiochromic change in optical\u2010density occurs in the dosimeter, which is proportional to absorbed dose, and was read out using optical\u2010CT in high\u2010resolution (0.5 mm isotropic voxels). Optical\u2010CT data were converted to absolute dose in two ways: (i) using a calibration curve derived from other Presage dosimeters from the same batch, and (ii) by independent measurement of calibrated dose at a point using a novel detector comprised of a yttrium oxide based nanocrystalline scintillator, with a submillimeter active length. A microSBRT spinal treatment was delivered consisting of a 180\u00b0 continuous arc at 225 kVp with a 20 \u00d7 10 mm field size. Dose response was evaluated using both the Presage\/optical\u2010CT 3D dosimetry system described above, and independent verification in select planes using EBT2 radiochromic film placed inside rodent\u2010morphic dosimeters that had been sectioned in half.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Rodent\u2010morphic 3D dosimeters were successfully produced from Presage radiochromic material by utilizing 3D printed molds of rat CT contours. The dosimeters were found to be compatible with optical\u2010CT dose readout in high\u2010resolution 3D (0.5 mm isotropic voxels) with minimal artifacts or noise. Cone\u2010beam CT image guidance was possible with these dosimeters due to sufficient contrast between high\u2010\n                      <jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>\n                      spinal inserts and tissue equivalent Presage material (CNR \u223c10 on CBCT images). Dose at isocenter measured with optical\u2010CT was found to agree with nanoscintillator measurement to within 2.8%. Maximum dose in line profiles taken through Presage and film dose slices agreed within 3%, with FWHM measurements through each profile found to agree within 2%.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This work demonstrates the feasibility of using 3D printing technology to make anatomically accurate Presage rodent\u2010morphic dosimeters incorporating spinal\u2010mimicking inserts. High quality optical\u2010CT 3D dosimetry is feasible on these dosimeters, despite the irregular surfaces and implanted inserts. The ability to measure dose distributions in anatomically accurate phantoms represents a powerful useful additional verification tool for preclinical microSBRT.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4905489","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,22]],"date-time":"2015-01-22T13:01:08Z","timestamp":1421931668000},"page":"846-855","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Investigating the accuracy of microstereotactic\u2010body\u2010radiotherapy utilizing anatomically accurate 3D printed rodent\u2010morphic dosimeters"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Steven T.","family":"Bache","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Titania","family":"Juang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew D.","family":"Belley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bridget F.","family":"Koontz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Adamovics","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terry T.","family":"Yoshizumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David G.","family":"Kirsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Oldham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031\u20109155\/56\/12\/R01"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","volume-title":"Med. 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