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A histological biopsy is the most reliable method currently available for this differential diagnosis; however, this invasive procedure prevents the lesions from healing noninvasively despite a report that they may heal without surgical treatment. A CAD using cone\u2010beam computed tomography (CBCT) offers an alternative noninvasive diagnostic tool which helps to avoid potentially unnecessary surgery and to investigate the unknown healing process and rate for the lesions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The proposed semiautomatic solution combines graph\u2010based random walks segmentation with machine learning\u2010based boosted classifiers and offers a robust clinical tool with minimal user interaction. As part of this CAD framework, the authors provide two novel technical contributions: (1) probabilistic extension of the random walks segmentation with likelihood ratio test and (2) LDA\u2010AdaBoost: a new integration of weighted linear discriminant analysis to AdaBoost.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>A dataset of 28 CBCT scans is used to validate the approach and compare it with other popular segmentation and classification methods. The results show the effectiveness of the proposed method with 94.1% correct classification rate and an improvement of the performance by comparison with the Simon's state\u2010of\u2010the\u2010art method by 17.6%. The authors also compare classification performances with two independent ground\u2010truth sets from the histopathology and CBCT diagnoses provided by endodontic experts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Experimental results of the authors show that the proposed CAD system behaves in clearer agreement with the CBCT ground\u2010truth than with histopathology, supporting the Simon's conjecture that CBCT diagnosis can be as accurate as histopathology for differentiating the periapical lesions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4914418","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,17]],"date-time":"2015-03-17T18:27:31Z","timestamp":1426616851000},"page":"1653-1665","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Noninvasive differential diagnosis of dental periapical lesions in cone\u2010beam CT scans"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Kazunori","family":"Okada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Rysavy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arturo","family":"Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marius George","family":"Linguraru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0030\u20104220(66)90044\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","volume-title":"Ingle's Endodontics 6","author":"Ingle J.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0972\u20100707.73384"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0099\u20102399(80)80039\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0030\u20104220(94)90180\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600\u20109657.1989.tb00339.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2008.03.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0030\u20104220(54)90297\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","volume-title":"Clinical Dental Radiology","author":"McCall J.","year":"1954"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","first-page":"161","article-title":"Cytologic evaluation of cystic lesions of the jaws: A new diagnostic technique","volume":"36","author":"Howell F. 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