{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T08:47:32Z","timestamp":1740127652754,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,30]],"date-time":"2016-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1480464000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":579,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":123,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003176","name":"Ministerio de Educaci&#x00F3;n, Cultura y Deporte (Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports, Spain)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FIS2013-42156"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FIS2013-42156"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003176","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission (EC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FP7-269553 (EpiRadBio)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FP7-269553 (EpiRadBio)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003359","name":"Generalitat Valenciana (Regional Government of Valencia)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PROMETEOII\/2013\/010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PROMETEOII\/2013\/010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004527","name":"Energimyndigheten (Swedish Energy Agency)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SSM 2011-2499"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SSM 2011-2499"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004527","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003176","name":"Ministerio de Educaci\u00f3n, Cultura y Deporte","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FIS2013\u201042156"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FIS2013\u201042156"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003176","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FP7\u2010269553 (EpiRadBio)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FP7\u2010269553 (EpiRadBio)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003359","name":"Generalitat Valenciana","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PROMETEOII\/2013\/010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PROMETEOII\/2013\/010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004527","name":"Energimyndigheten","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SSM 2011\u20102499"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SSM 2011\u20102499"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004527","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003176","name":"Ministerio de Educaci\u00f3n, Cultura y Deporte","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FIS2013-42156"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FIS2013-42156"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003176","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FP7-269553 (EpiRadBio)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FP7-269553 (EpiRadBio)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003359","name":"Generalitat Valenciana","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PROMETEOII\/2013\/010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PROMETEOII\/2013\/010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004527","name":"Energimyndigheten","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SSM 2011-2499"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SSM 2011-2499"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004527","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title><jats:p>During the first part of the 20th century, <jats:sup>226<\/jats:sup>Ra was the most used radionuclide for brachytherapy. Retrospective accurate dosimetry, coupled with patient follow up, is important for advancing knowledge on long\u2010term radiation effects. The purpose of this work was to dosimetrically characterize two <jats:sup>226<\/jats:sup>Ra sources, commonly used in Sweden during the first half of the 20th century, for retrospective dose\u2013effect studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>An 8 mg <jats:sup>226<\/jats:sup>Ra tube and a 10 mg <jats:sup>226<\/jats:sup>Ra needle, used at Radiumhemmet (Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden), from 1925 to the 1960s, were modeled in two independent Monte Carlo (MC) radiation transport codes: <jats:sc>geant4<\/jats:sc> and <jats:sc>mcnp5<\/jats:sc>. Absorbed dose and collision kerma around the two sources were obtained, from which the TG\u201043 parameters were derived for the secular equilibrium state. Furthermore, results from this dosimetric formalism were compared with results from a MC simulation with a superficial mould constituted by five needles inside a glass casing, placed over a water phantom, trying to mimic a typical clinical setup. Calculated absorbed doses using the TG\u201043 formalism were also compared with previously reported measurements and calculations based on the Sievert integral. Finally, the dose rate at large distances from a <jats:sup>226<\/jats:sup>Ra point\u2010like\u2010source placed in the center of 1 m radius water sphere was calculated with <jats:sc>geant4<\/jats:sc>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>TG\u201043 parameters [including <jats:italic>g<jats:sub>L<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic>(<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>), <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>(<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>\u03b8<\/jats:italic>), \u039b, and <jats:italic>s<jats:sub>K<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic>] have been uploaded in spreadsheets as additional material, and the fitting parameters of a mathematical curve that provides the dose rate between 10 and 60 cm from the source have been provided. Results from TG\u201043 formalism are consistent within the treatment volume with those of a MC simulation of a typical clinical scenario. Comparisons with reported measurements made with thermoluminescent dosimeters show differences up to 13% along the transverse axis of the radium needle. It has been estimated that the uncertainty associated to the absorbed dose within the treatment volume is 10%\u201315%, whereas uncertainty of absorbed dose to distant organs is roughly 20%\u201325%.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results provided here facilitate retrospective dosimetry studies of <jats:sup>226<\/jats:sup>Ra using modern treatment planning systems, which may be used to improve knowledge on long term radiation effects. It is surely important for the epidemiologic studies to be aware of the estimated uncertainty provided here before extracting their conclusions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4916685","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,11]],"date-time":"2015-04-11T01:53:30Z","timestamp":1428717210000},"page":"2132-2142","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Dosimetric characterization of two radium sources for retrospective dosimetry studies"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"C.","family":"Candela\u2010Juan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Karlsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Lundell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Ballester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00c5. Carlsson","family":"Tedgren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0167\u20108140(98)00143\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031\u20109155\/51\/13\/r18"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0167\u20108140(98)00137\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1538\u20104721(02)00059\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.3634.309"},{"volume-title":"Absorption and Scattering of Radium Gamma Radiation in Water","year":"1966","author":"Smocovitis D.","key":"e_1_2_7_7_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/4592124"},{"volume-title":"Handbook of Interstitial Brachytherapy","year":"1975","author":"Hilaris B. S.","key":"e_1_2_7_9_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","first-page":"816","article-title":"Applications of artificially radio\u2010actives isotopes in therapy; cobalt","volume":"60","author":"Myers W. G.","year":"1948","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","first-page":"9","article-title":"Therapeutic potentialities of radioisotopes","volume":"61","author":"Brucer M.","year":"1952","journal-title":"Merck Rep."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3577477"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3579109"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02841869509127179"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3580039"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02841869509127180"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2004.03.011"},{"volume-title":"UNSCEAR 2013 Report. Vol. II. Scientific Annex B: Effects of Radiation Exposure of Children","year":"2013","author":"United Nations Scientific Committes on the Effects of Atomic Radiation","key":"e_1_2_7_18_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167\u20108140(89)90093\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167\u20108140(92)90373\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02841869009090049"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.597458"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.1646040"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.597811"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","first-page":"423","article-title":"Solution of a system of differential equations occurring in the theory of radio\u2010active transformations","volume":"15","author":"Bateman H.","year":"1910","journal-title":"Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc. IS"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168\u20109002(03)01368\u20108"},{"volume-title":"Report No. LA\u201012625","year":"2004","author":"Briesmeister J. F.","key":"e_1_2_7_27_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3703892"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3194754"},{"volume-title":"Report No. UCRL\u201050400, 6","year":"1997","author":"Cullen D. E.","key":"e_1_2_7_30_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","first-page":"7","article-title":"ICRP Publication 107. Nuclear decay data for dosimetric calculations","volume":"38","author":"Eckerman K.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. ICRP."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4747264"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016923909174832"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016923909133913"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1259\/0007\u20101285\u201054\u2010638\u2010136"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6028\/jres.059.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031\u20109155\/28\/9\/002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4860175"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3533720"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3531973"},{"volume-title":"Interstitial Brachytherapy: Physical, Biological Clinical Considerations","year":"1990","author":"Interstitial Collaborative Working Group (ICWG)","key":"e_1_2_7_41_1"},{"volume-title":"Dosim\u00e9trie en curieth\u00e9rapie","year":"1982","author":"Dutreix A.","key":"e_1_2_7_42_1"},{"volume-title":"Radium History Mosaic","year":"2007","author":"Mould R. F.","key":"e_1_2_7_43_1"},{"volume-title":"Physical Foundations of Radiology","year":"1970","author":"Goodwin P. N.","key":"e_1_2_7_44_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1259\/0007\u20101285\u201037\u2010433\u201038"},{"volume-title":"The Physics of Radiology","year":"1983","author":"Johns H. E.","key":"e_1_2_7_46_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2009.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330\u2010013\u20103047\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4791647"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","unstructured":"See supplementary material athttp:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1118\/1.4916685E\u2010MPHYA6\u201042\u2010015505where the TG\u201043 dosimetry parameters for both the radium tube and the radium needle can be found."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","unstructured":"Operating Instructions SIDOS\/EVADOS\/SOMADOS SIDOS\u2010BRACHY Siemens 1984."}],"container-title":["Medical Physics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1118%2F1.4916685","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1118%2F1.4916685","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1118\/1.4916685","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,18]],"date-time":"2023-09-18T08:18:16Z","timestamp":1695025096000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1118\/1.4916685"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1118\/1.4916685"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1118\/1.4916685","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0094-2405","2473-4209"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0094-2405"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2473-4209"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2014-08-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-02-17","order":1,"name":"revised","label":"revised","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-03-20","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-04-10","order":6,"name":"published","label":"published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}