{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:37:53Z","timestamp":1790710673056,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,29]],"date-time":"2015-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1430265600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":125,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"name":"RaySearch Laboratories"},{"name":"Stanford Bio-X Interdisciplinary Initiatives Program"},{"name":"Weston Havens Foundation"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"U.S. Department of Defense (DOD)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W81XWH-12-LCRP-IDA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-12-LCRP-IDA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007325","name":"American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007325","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007421","name":"Li Ka Shing Foundation (Li Ka Shing Foundation Limited)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007421","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"U.S. Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W81XWH\u201012\u2010LCRP\u2010IDA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH\u201012\u2010LCRP\u2010IDA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007325","name":"American Association of Physicists in Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007325","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007421","name":"Li Ka Shing Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007421","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"RaySearch Laboratories"},{"name":"Stanford Bio-X Interdisciplinary Initiatives Program"},{"name":"Weston Havens Foundation"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"U.S. Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W81XWH-12-LCRP-IDA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-12-LCRP-IDA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007325","name":"American Association of Physicists in Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007325","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007421","name":"Li Ka Shing Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007421","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this work was to develop a treatment planning workflow for rapid radiotherapy delivered with very high\u2010energy electron (VHEE) scanning pencil beams of 60\u2013120 MeV and to study VHEE plans as a function of VHEE treatment parameters. Additionally, VHEE plans were compared to clinical state\u2010of\u2010the\u2010art volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) photon plans for three cases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>VHEE radiotherapy treatment planning was performed by linking EGSnrc Monte Carlo (MC) dose calculations with inverse treatment planning in a research version of RayStation. In order to study the effect of VHEE treatment parameters on VHEE dose distributions, a <jats:sc>matlab<\/jats:sc> graphical user interface (GUI) for calculation of VHEE MC pencil beam doses was developed. Through the GUI, pediatric case MC simulations were run for a number of beam energies (60, 80, 100, and 120 MeV), number of beams (13, 17, and 36), pencil beam spot (0.1, 1.0, and 3.0 mm) and grid (2.0, 2.5, and 3.5 mm) sizes, and source\u2010to\u2010axis distance, SAD (40 and 50 cm). VHEE plans for the pediatric case calculated with the different treatment parameters were optimized and compared. Furthermore, 100 MeV VHEE plans for the pediatric case, a lung, and a prostate case were calculated and compared to the clinically delivered VMAT plans. All plans were normalized such that the 100% isodose line covered 95% of the target volume.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>VHEE beam energy had the largest effect on the quality of dose distributions of the pediatric case. For the same target dose, the mean doses to organs at risk (OARs) decreased by 5%\u201316% when planned with 100 MeV compared to 60 MeV, but there was no further improvement in the 120 MeV plan. VHEE plans calculated with 36 beams outperformed plans calculated with 13 and 17 beams, but to a more modest degree (&lt;8%). While pencil beam spacing and SAD had a small effect on VHEE dose distributions, 0.1\u20133 mm pencil beam sizes resulted in identical dose distributions. For the 100 MeV VHEE pediatric plan, OAR doses were up to 70% lower and the integral dose was 33% lower for VHEE compared to 6 MV VMAT. Additionally, VHEE conformity indices (CI<jats:sub>100<\/jats:sub> = 1.09 and CI<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> = 4.07) were better than VMAT conformity indices (CI<jats:sub>100<\/jats:sub> = 1.30 and CI<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> = 6.81). The 100 MeV VHEE lung plan resulted in mean dose decrease to all OARs by up to 27% for the same target coverage compared to the clinical 6 MV flattening filter\u2010free (FFF) VMAT plan. The 100 MeV prostate plan resulted in 3% mean dose increase to the penile bulb and the urethra, but all other OAR mean doses were lower compared to the 15 MV VMAT plan. The lung case CI<jats:sub>100<\/jats:sub> and CI<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> conformity indices were 3% and 8% lower, respectively, in the VHEE plan compared to the VMAT plan. The prostate case CI<jats:sub>100<\/jats:sub> and CI<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> conformity indices were 1% higher and 8% lower, respectively, in the VHEE plan compared to the VMAT plan.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The authors have developed a treatment planning workflow for MC dose calculation of pencil beams and optimization for treatment planning of VHEE radiotherapy. The authors have demonstrated that VHEE plans resulted in similar or superior dose distributions for pediatric, lung, and prostate cases compared to clinical VMAT plans.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4918923","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,29]],"date-time":"2015-04-29T17:00:35Z","timestamp":1430326835000},"page":"2615-2625","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":100,"title":["Treatment planning for radiotherapy with very high\u2010energy electron beams and comparison of VHEE and VMAT plans"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Bazalova\u2010Carter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradley","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bianey","family":"Palma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bj\u00f6rn","family":"H\u00e5rdemark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elin","family":"Hynning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter G.","family":"Maxim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Billy W.","family":"Loo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031\u20109155\/45\/7\/306"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/153303460200100202"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031\u20109155\/47\/8\/305"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031\u20109155\/47\/13\/305"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031\u20109155\/44\/12\/311"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","unstructured":"B. W.Loo P. G.Maxim andV. A.Dolgashev \u201cPluridirectional very high electron energy radiation therapy systems and processes \u201dU.S. patent 8 618 521(U.S. Patent and Trademark Office Washington DC December 31 2013)."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3505339"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","unstructured":"I.KawrakowandD. W. O.Rogers \u201cThe EGSnrc code system: Monte Carlo simulation of electron and photon transport \u201dTechnical Report PIRS\u2010701(NRCC 2006)."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.597552"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","unstructured":"B. R. B. Walters I. Kawrakow D. W. O. Rogers"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4914371"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","first-page":"262","article-title":"On determination of functions by their integral values along certain multiplicities","volume":"69","author":"Radon J.","year":"1917","journal-title":"Ber. der Sachische Akademie der Wissenschaften Leipzig (Germany)"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","unstructured":"M. J.Berger J. H.Hubbell S. M.Seltzer J.Chang J. S.Coursey R.Sukumar andD.Zucker \u201cXCOM: Photon cross section database \u201d NBSIR 87\u20103597 in web version 1.3 (2005) http:\/\/physics.nist.gov\/PhysRefData\/Xcom\/Text\/XCOM.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0958\u20103947(01)00057\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031\u20109155\/59\/19\/5811"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0168\u20109002(03)01368\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168\u2010583x(95)00349\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4719962"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.2795842"}],"container-title":["Medical Physics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1118%2F1.4918923","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1118%2F1.4918923","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1118\/1.4918923","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1118\/1.4918923","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/chorus\/v1\/articles\/10.1118%2F1.4918923","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1118\/1.4918923","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,18]],"date-time":"2023-09-18T08:17:50Z","timestamp":1695025070000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1118\/1.4918923"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,29]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1118\/1.4918923"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1118\/1.4918923","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0094-2405","2473-4209"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0094-2405","type":"print"},{"value":"2473-4209","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2014-12-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-04-07","order":1,"name":"revised","label":"revised","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-04-12","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-04-29","order":6,"name":"published","label":"published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}