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In this study, an inverse double\u2010echo steady\u2010state (iDESS) technique is proposed for efficiently depicting midbrain nuclei.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirteen healthy subjects participated in this study. iDESS was performed along with two sets of <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>2*\u2010weighted spoiled gradient\u2010echo images (SPGR1, with scan time identical to iDESS and SPGR2, using clinical scanning parameters as a reference standard) for comparison. Generation of iDESS composite images combining two echo signals was optimized for maximal contrast\u2010to\u2010noise ratio (CNR) between the red nuclei and surrounding tissues. Signal\u2010to\u2010noise ratios (SNRs) were calculated from the occipital lobe. Comparison was also made using phase\u2010enhanced images as in standard susceptibility\u2010weighted imaging (SWI).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The iDESS images present significantly higher SNR efficiency (171.3) than SPGR1 (158.7, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.013) and SPGR2 (95.5, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 10<jats:sup>\u22128<\/jats:sup>). iDESS CNR efficiency (19.2) is also significantly greater than SPGR1 (6.9, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 10<jats:sup>\u22126<\/jats:sup>) and SPGR2 (14.3, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.0016). Compared with DESS, iDESS provides further advantage on enhanced phase information and hence improved contrast on SWI\u2010processed images.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>iDESS efficiently depicts midbrain nuclei with improved CNR efficiency, increased SNR efficiency, and reduced scan time and is less prone to susceptibility signal loss from air\u2010tissue interfaces.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4922402","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,26]],"date-time":"2015-06-26T18:09:30Z","timestamp":1435342170000},"page":"4367-4374","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Efficient imaging of midbrain nuclei using inverse double\u2010echo steady\u2010state acquisition 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