{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T07:41:54Z","timestamp":1790667714496,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,30]],"date-time":"2016-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1480464000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009395","name":"CancerCare Manitoba Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009395","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009395","name":"CancerCare Manitoba Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009395","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"University of Manitoba Graduate fellowship"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009395","name":"CancerCare Manitoba Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009395","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Manitoba Graduate fellowship"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Radiation treatments have become increasingly more complex with the development of volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) and the use of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). SBRT involves the delivery of substantially larger doses over fewer fractions than conventional therapy. SBRT\u2013VMAT treatments will strongly benefit from\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      patient dose verification, as any errors in delivery can be more detrimental to the radiobiology of the patient as compared to conventional therapy. Electronic portal imaging devices (EPIDs) are available on most commercial linear accelerators (Linacs) and their documented use for dosimetry makes them valuable tools for patient dose verification. In this work, the authors customize and validate a physics\u2010based model which utilizes on\u2010treatment EPID images to reconstruct the 3D dose delivered to the patient during SBRT\u2013VMAT delivery.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The SBRT Linac head, including jaws, multileaf collimators, and flattening filter, were modeled using Monte Carlo methods and verified with measured data. The simulation provides energy spectrum data that are used by their \u201cforward\u201d model to then accurately predict fluence generated by a SBRT beam at a plane above the patient. This fluence is then transported through the patient and then the dose to the phosphor layer in the EPID is calculated. Their \u201cinverse\u201d model back\u2010projects the EPID measured focal fluence to a plane upstream of the patient and recombines it with the extra\u2010focal fluence predicted by the forward model. This estimate of total delivered fluence is then forward projected onto the patient's density matrix and a collapsed cone convolution algorithm calculates the dose delivered to the patient. The model was tested by reconstructing the dose for two prostate, three lung, and two spine SBRT\u2013VMAT treatment fractions delivered to an anthropomorphic phantom. It was further validated against actual patient data for a lung and spine SBRT\u2013VMAT plan. The results were verified with the treatment planning system (TPS) (\n                      <jats:sc>eclipse aaa<\/jats:sc>\n                      ) dose calculation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The SBRT\u2013VMAT reconstruction model performed very well when compared to the TPS. A stringent 2%\/2 mm\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010comparison calculation gave pass rates better than 91% for the prostate plans, 88% for the lung plans, and 86% for the spine plans for voxels containing 80% or more of the prescribed dose. Patient data were 86% for the lung and 95% for the spine. A 3%\/3 mm\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010comparison was also performed and gave pass rates better than 93% for all plan types.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The authors have customized and validated a robust, physics\u2010based model that calculates the delivered dose to a patient for SBRT\u2013VMAT delivery using on\u2010treatment EPID images. The accuracy of the results indicates that this approach is suitable for clinical implementation. Future work will incorporate this model into both offline and real\u2010time clinical adaptive radiotherapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4935201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,12]],"date-time":"2015-11-12T13:01:17Z","timestamp":1447333277000},"page":"6955-6963","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["An\n                    <i>in vivo<\/i>\n                    dose verification method for SBRT\u2013VMAT delivery using the EPID"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"P. M.","family":"McCowan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Van Uytven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Van Beek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Asuni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B. M. 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