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The purpose of this work is to develop a GPU\u2010accelerated Monte Carlo dose calculation platform based on\n                      <jats:sc>penelope<\/jats:sc>\n                      and then use the platform to validate a vendor\u2010provided MRIdian head model toward quality assurance of clinical IMRT treatment plans subject to a 0.35 T magnetic field.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:sc>penelope<\/jats:sc>\n                      was first translated from\n                      <jats:sc>fortran<\/jats:sc>\n                      to\n                      <jats:sc>c++<\/jats:sc>\n                      and the result was confirmed to produce equivalent results to the original code. The\n                      <jats:sc>c++<\/jats:sc>\n                      code was then adapted to\n                      <jats:sc>cuda<\/jats:sc>\n                      in a workflow optimized for GPU architecture. The original code was expanded to include voxelized transport with Woodcock tracking, faster electron\/positron propagation in a magnetic field, and several features that make g\n                      <jats:sc>penelope<\/jats:sc>\n                      highly user\u2010friendly. Moreover, the vendor\u2010provided MRIdian head model was incorporated into the code in an effort to apply g\n                      <jats:sc>penelope<\/jats:sc>\n                      as both an accurate and rapid dose validation system. A set of experimental measurements were performed on the MRIdian system to examine the accuracy of both the head model and g\n                      <jats:sc>penelope<\/jats:sc>\n                      . Ultimately, g\n                      <jats:sc>penelope<\/jats:sc>\n                      was applied toward independent validation of patient doses calculated by MRIdian's\n                      <jats:sc>kmc<\/jats:sc>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      An acceleration factor of 152 was achieved in comparison to the original single\u2010thread\n                      <jats:sc>fortran<\/jats:sc>\n                      implementation with the original accuracy being preserved. For 16 treatment plans including stomach (4), lung (2), liver (3), adrenal gland (2), pancreas (2), spleen(1), mediastinum (1), and breast (1), the MRIdian dose calculation engine agrees with g\n                      <jats:sc>penelope<\/jats:sc>\n                      with a mean gamma passing rate of 99.1% \u00b1 0.6% (2%\/2 mm).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A Monte Carlo simulation platform was developed based on a GPU\u2010 accelerated version of\n                      <jats:sc>penelope<\/jats:sc>\n                      . This platform was used to validate that both the vendor\u2010provided head model and fast Monte Carlo engine used by the MRIdian system are accurate in modeling radiation transport in a patient using 2%\/2 mm gamma criteria. Future applications of this platform will include dose validation and accumulation, IMRT optimization, and dosimetry system modeling for next generation MR\u2010IGRT systems.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4953198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,10]],"date-time":"2016-06-10T16:26:40Z","timestamp":1465576000000},"page":"4040-4052","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["A GPU\u2010accelerated Monte Carlo dose calculation platform and its application toward validating an MRI\u2010guided radiation therapy beam model"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Yuhe","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas R.","family":"Mazur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanle","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivian","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. 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