{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T13:26:52Z","timestamp":1758634012628},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,1,6]],"date-time":"2000-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":947116800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The Gamma Knife (Elekta Instruments, Inc., Norcross, GA), a neurosurgical, highly focused radiation delivery device, is used to eradicate deep\u2010seated anomalous tissue within the human brain by delivering a lethal dose of radiation to target tissue. This dose is the accumulated result of delivering sequential \u201cshots\u201d of radiation to the target, where each shot is approximately three\u2010dimensional (3\u2010D) Gaussian in shape. The size and intensity of each shot can be adjusted by varying the time of radiation exposure and by using one of four collimator sizes ranging from 4\u201318 mm. Current dose planning requires that the dose plan be developed manually to cover the target, and only the target, with a desired minimum radiation intensity using a minimum number of shots. This is a laborious and subjective process that typically leads to suboptimal conformal target coverage by the dose. We have previously presented a forward\u2014direct\u2014method, which, using adaptive simulated annealing and Nelder\u2013Mead simplex optimizers, automates the selection and placement of generic Gaussian\u2010based kernels or \u201cshots\u201d to form a simulated dose plan. In order to make the computation of the problem tractable, the algorithm exploits 2\u2010D contouring and polygon clipping and takes a 2 <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/mp8879-math-0001.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:00942405:media:mp8879:mp8879-math-0001\" \/>\u2010D approach to defining the problem. In the current paper we present the results of four experiments on two historical clinical datasets, where the generic kernels have been replaced by patient specific kernels calculated by Elekta's Leksell Gamma Plan software. For these experiments the user only selects the maximum number of shots to use and the optimizers are then given the freedom to vary the number of shots as well as the weight, collimator size, and 3\u2010D location of each shot. Highly conformal and competitive dose plans were generated for these two difficult cases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1118\/1.598879","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T14:01:44Z","timestamp":1027692104000},"page":"154-162","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Automated Gamma Knife dose planning using polygon clipping and adaptive simulated annealing"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Gregg S.","family":"Leichtman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony L.","family":"Aita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H. 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Goldberg Genetic Algorithms in Search Optimization and Machine Learning(Addison\u2010Wesley Reading MA 1989)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-0548(95)00064-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-0255(94)00052-D"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/inte.24.2.116"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1994.6.1.161"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-0548(92)90044-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","unstructured":"J. D. Bourland \u201cAutomated planning of radiosurgical targets by the medial axis transform \u201d University of Florida Gainesville Department of Neurological Surgery and the Department of Radiation Oncology Scientific Program LINAC Radiosurgery\u20141997 pp. 63."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","first-page":"26","article-title":"Simulated annealing","volume":"155","author":"McLaughlin M. P.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Dr. Dobb's J."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-8949\/1991\/T38\/010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","unstructured":"G. S. Leichtman A. L. Aita and H. W. Goldman \u201cAutomated Gamma Knife dose planning \u201d SPIE's International Symposium: Medical Imaging 1998 San Diego CA 21\u201327 February 1998."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","unstructured":"W. H. Press S. A. Teukolsky W. T. Vetterling and B. P. Flannery Numerical Recipes in C 2nd ed. p. 408\u2013412 (Cambridge University Press New York 1992)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","first-page":"44","article-title":"Contouring data fields","volume":"195","author":"Giles B.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Dr. Dobb's J."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","unstructured":"K. Schutte \u201cAn edge labeling approach to concave polygon clipping \u201d unpublished (seehttp:\/\/www.ph.tn.tudelft.nl\/People\/klamer\/clip.uue)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","unstructured":"J. D. Foley A. van Dam S. K. 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