{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T20:10:18Z","timestamp":1784578218237,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,1,6]],"date-time":"2000-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":947116800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medical Physics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Advanced methods of boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) use an epithermal neutron beam in conjunction with tumor\u2010targeting boron compounds for irradiation of glioblastomas and metastatic melanomas. A common neutron\u2010producing reaction considered for accelerator\u2010based BNCT is <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/mp8884-math-0002.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:00942405:media:mp8884:mp8884-math-0002\"\/> whose cross section increases very rapidly within several tens of keV of the reaction threshold at 1.88 MeV. Operation in the proton energy region near threshold will have an appreciable thick target neutron yield, but the neutrons produced will have relatively low energies that require little moderation to reach the epithermal range desirable for BNCT. Because of its relatively low projected accelerator cost and the portability of the neutron source\/target assembly, BNCT based on the near\u2010threshold technique is considered an attractive candidate for widespread hospital use. A systematic Monte Carlo N\u2010Particle (<jats:sc>MCNP<\/jats:sc>) investigation of the dosimetric properties of near\u2010threshold neutron beams has been performed. Results of these studies indicate that accelerator proton energies between 1.93 and 1.99 MeV, using 5 cm of <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/mp8884-math-0003.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:00942405:media:mp8884:mp8884-math-0003\"\/> moderator followed by thin <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/mp8884-math-0004.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:00942405:media:mp8884:mp8884-math-0004\"\/> and Pb shields, can provide therapeutically useful beams with treatment times less than one hour and accelerator currents less than 5 mA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1118\/1.598884","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T14:20:11Z","timestamp":1027693211000},"page":"192-202","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["A Monte Carlo dosimetry\u2010based evaluation of the  reaction near threshold for accelerator boron neutron capture therapy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"C. L.","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"X.\u2010L.","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. J.","family":"Kudchadker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Harmon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y. D.","family":"Harker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005753610355"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y. Mishima et al. \u201cSelective melanoma thermal neutron capture therapy for lymph node metastases \u201dAdvances in Neutron Capture Therapy edited by A. H. Soloway R. F. Barth and D. E. Carpenter (Plenum New York 1993) 705\u2013710.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-2978-1_140"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"E. Binello R. E. Shefer and J. C. Yanch \u201cNeutron beam design for boron neutron capture synovectomy \u201dAdvances in Neutron Capture Therapy: Volume I Medicine and Physics edited by B. Larsson J. Crawford and R. Weinreich (Elsevier Amsterdam 1997)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3578165"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.114.571"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13182\/NT98-A2902"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.596815"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/40\/5\/007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"R. J. Kudchadker J. F. Kunze and J. F. Harmon \u201cBalancing neutron yield and moderator dimensions in accelerator neutron sources \u201d in Ref.3."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. F. Harmon R. J. Kudchadker J. F. Kunze S. W. Serrano X. L. Zhou Y. D. Harker and R. W. Hamm \u201cAccelerator neutron sources for neutron capture therapy using near threshold charged particle reactions \u201dProceedings of the 14th International Conference on the Application of Accelerators in Research and Industry edited by J. L. Duggan and I. L. Morgan (AIP Woodbury NY 1997).","DOI":"10.1063\/1.52638"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0969-8043(97)00158-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. J. Kudchadker \u201cOptimized accelerator based epithermal neutron beams for boron neutron capture therapy \u201d Ph.D. dissertation University of Missouri\u2014Columbia 1996.","DOI":"10.1118\/1.598020"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005704911264"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.598479"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.594168"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(96)00084-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(93)90533-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","unstructured":"J. F. Briesmeister \u201cMCNP\u2014A general Monte Carlo N\u2010Particle Transport Code version 4A \u201d LA\u201012625\u2010M Los Alamos National Laboratory 1993."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-583X(99)00026-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. L. 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Harker \u201cTemperature rise in lithium targets for accelerator based BNCT using multi\u2010fin heat removal \u201d in Ref.20(AIP Woodbury New York 1999).","DOI":"10.1063\/1.59098"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.182.1007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.597545"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","unstructured":"M. C. Dobelbower and T. E. Blue \u201cA Monte Carlo analysis of the effect of increasing target diameter for an accelerator\u2010based neutron source for BNCT \u201dProceedings of the American Nuclear Society Embedded Topical Meeting on Nuclear Applications of Accelerator Technology Albuquerque NM 1997 pp. 495\u2013501."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","unstructured":"C. L. 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