{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T03:24:42Z","timestamp":1791084282096,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,8]],"date-time":"2015-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1425772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH Director's New Innovator","award":["DP2OD007044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP2OD007044"]}]},{"name":"NIH Research Scientist Development","award":["K01CA181292"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01CA181292"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Applied Clin Med Phys"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Four\u2010dimensional computed tomography (4D CT) is used to account for respiratory motion in radiation treatment planning, but artifacts resulting from the acquisition and postprocessing limit its accuracy. We investigated the efficacy of three experimental 4D CT acquisition methods to reduce artifacts in a prospective institutional review board approved study. Eighteen thoracic patients scheduled to undergo radiation therapy received standard clinical 4D CT scans followed by each of the alternative 4D CT acquisitions: 1) data oversampling, 2) beam gating with breathing irregularities, and 3) rescanning the clinical acquisition acquired during irregular breathing. Relative values of a validated correlation\u2010based artifact metric (CM) determined the best acquisition method per patient. Each 4D CT was processed by an extended phase sorting approach that optimizes the quantitative artifact metric (CM sorting). The clinical acquisitions were also postprocessed by phase sorting for artifact comparison of our current clinical implementation with the experimental methods. The oversampling acquisition achieved the lowest artifact presence among all acquisitions, achieving a 27% reduction from the current clinical 4D CT implementation (<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/acm20023-math-0001.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:1526-9914:media:acm20023:acm20023-math-0001\"\/>). The rescan method presented a significantly higher artifact presence from the clinical acquisition (37%; <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/acm20023-math-0002.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:1526-9914:media:acm20023:acm20023-math-0002\"\/>), the gating acquisition (26%; <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/acm20023-math-0003.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:1526-9914:media:acm20023:acm20023-math-0003\"\/>), and the oversampling acquisition (31%; <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/acm20023-math-0004.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:1526-9914:media:acm20023:acm20023-math-0004\"\/>), while the data lacked evidence of a significant difference between the clinical, gating, and oversampling methods. The oversampling acquisition reduced artifact presence from the current clinical 4D CT implementation to the largest degree and provided the simplest and most reproducible implementation. The rescan acquisition increased artifact presence significantly, compared to all acquisitions, and suffered from combination of data from independent scans over which large internal anatomic shifts occurred.<\/jats:p><jats:p>PACS numbers: 87.57.C\u2010, 87.57.cp, 87.57.Q\u2010, 87.55.Gh<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1120\/jacmp.v16i2.4949","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,27]],"date-time":"2017-02-27T23:53:23Z","timestamp":1488239603000},"page":"23-32","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Evaluation of 4D CT acquisition methods designed to reduce artifacts"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Sarah J.","family":"Castillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology The University of Texas Medical Branch  Galveston TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology The University of Texas Medical Branch  Galveston TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Beaumont Health System  Royal Oak MI"},{"name":"Department of Computational and Applied Mathematics Rice University  Houston TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tinsu","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Imaging Physics The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center  Houston TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geoffrey","family":"Ibbott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Physics The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center  Houston 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