{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T15:26:22Z","timestamp":1787585182273,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,8]],"date-time":"2016-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1467936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Applied Clin Med Phys"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Detailed Monte Carlo (MC) modeling of the Leksell Gamma Knife (GK) Perfexion (PFX) collimator system is the only accurate <jats:italic>ab initio<\/jats:italic> approach appearing in the literature. As a different approach, in this work, we present a MC model based on film measurement. By adjusting the model parameters and fine\u2010tuning the derived fluence map for each individual source to match the manufacturer's ring output factors, we created a reasonable virtual source model for MC simulations to verify treatment planning dose for the GK PFX radiosurgery system. The MC simulation model was commissioned by simple single shots. Dose profiles and both ring and collimator output factors were compared with the treatment planning system (TPS). Good agreement was achieved for dose profiles especially for the region of plateau (<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/acm20190-math-0001.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:1526-9914:media:acm20190:acm20190-math-0001\"\/>), while larger difference (<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/acm20190-math-0002.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:1526-9914:media:acm20190:acm20190-math-0002\"\/>) came from the penumbra region. The maximum difference of the calculated output factor was within 0.7%. The model was further validated by a clinical test case. Good agreement was obtained. The DVHs for brainstem and the skull were almost identical and, for the target, the volume covered by the prescription (12.5 Gy to 50% isodose line) was 95.6% from MC calculation versus 100% from the TPS.<\/jats:p><jats:p>PACS number(s): 87.55.dk<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1120\/jacmp.v17i4.6196","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,28]],"date-time":"2017-02-28T00:43:46Z","timestamp":1488242626000},"page":"190-201","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Development of a Monte Carlo model for treatment planning dose verification of the Leksell Gamma Knife Perfexion radiosurgery system"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jiankui","family":"Yuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Case Medical Center, University Hospitals of Cleveland  Cleveland OH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon S.","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Case Medical Center, University Hospitals of Cleveland  Cleveland OH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiran","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Case Medical Center, University Hospitals of Cleveland  Cleveland OH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason W.","family":"Sohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Case Medical Center, University Hospitals of Cleveland  Cleveland OH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew E.","family":"Sloan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Case Medical Center, University Hospitals of Cleveland  Cleveland OH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodney","family":"Ellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Case Medical Center, University Hospitals of Cleveland  Cleveland OH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitchell","family":"Machtay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Case Medical Center, University Hospitals of Cleveland  Cleveland OH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barry","family":"Wessels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Case Medical Center, University Hospitals of Cleveland  Cleveland OH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000337578.00814.75"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","volume-title":"A new TMR dose algorithm in Leksell GammaPlan","author":"Elekta Instrument AB","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","volume-title":"The convolution algorithm in Leksell GammaPlan 10","author":"Elekta Instrument AB","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1120\/jacmp.v15i5.4844"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/44\/12\/401"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.598347"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0969-8043(99)00285-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/47\/12\/301"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/49\/21\/003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3171\/JNS\/2008\/109\/12\/S3","article-title":"Dosimetric comparison of the Leksell Gamma Knife Perfexion and 4C","volume":"109","author":"Novotny J","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurosurg."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/61\/3\/1182"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2012.07.005"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","first-page":"72","article-title":"The FLUKA radiation transport code and its use for space problems","volume":"17","author":"Ferrari A","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phys Med."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","volume-title":"Monte Carlo modeling of the Gamma Knife Perfexion","author":"Best R","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/49\/12\/015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/59\/24\/7609"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.1644532"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1120\/jacmp.v14i1.3949"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.1610771"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3327458"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2005.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","unstructured":"PeronaPandMalikJ.Scale\u2010space and edge detection using anisotropic diffusion. 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