{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T18:20:51Z","timestamp":1790360451282,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,8]],"date-time":"2016-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1473292800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004085","name":"Ministry of Education, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF\u20102015M2A2A7A02045273"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF\u20102015M2A2A7A02045273"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004085","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Applied Clin Med Phys"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This study was designed to estimate radiation\u2010induced secondary cancer risks from high\u2010dose\u2010rate (HDR) brachytherapy and external radiotherapy for patients with cervical cancer based on measurements of doses absorbed by various organs. Organ doses from HDR brachytherapy and external radiotherapy were measured using glass rod dosimeters. Doses to out\u2010of\u2010field organs were measured at various locations inside an anthropomorphic phantom. Brachytherapy\u2010associated organ doses were measured using a specialized phantom that enabled applicator insertion, with the pelvis portion of the existing anthropomorphic phantom replaced by this new phantom. Measured organ doses were used to calculate secondary cancer risk based on Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation (BEIR) VII models. In both treatment modalities, organ doses per prescribed dose (PD) mostly depended on the distance between organs. The locations showing the highest and lowest doses were the right kidney (external radiotherapy: 215.2 mGy; brachytherapy: 655.17 mGy) and the brain (external radiotherapy: 15.82 mGy; brachytherapy: 2.49 mGy), respectively. Organ doses to nearby regions were higher for brachytherapy than for external beam therapy, whereas organ doses to distant regions were higher for external beam therapy. Organ doses to distant treatment regions in external radiotherapy were due primarily to out\u2010of\u2010field radiation resulting from scattering and leakage in the gantry head. For brachytherapy, the highest estimated lifetime attributable risk per 100,000 population was to the stomach (88.6), whereas the lowest risks were to the brain (0.4) and eye (0.4); for external radiotherapy, the highest and lowest risks were to the thyroid (305.1) and brain (2.4). These results may help provide a database on the impact of radiotherapy\u2010induced secondary cancer incidence during cervical cancer treatment, as well as suggest further research on strategies to counteract the risks of radiotherapy\u2010associated secondary malignancies.<\/jats:p><jats:p>PACS number(s): 87.52.\u2010g, 87.52.Px, 87.53.Dq, 87.53.Jw<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1120\/jacmp.v17i5.6087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,28]],"date-time":"2017-02-28T00:51:22Z","timestamp":1488243082000},"page":"124-132","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Secondary cancer\u2010incidence risk estimates for external radiotherapy and high\u2010dose\u2010rate brachytherapy in cervical cancer: phantom study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Boram","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bio\u2010convergence Engineering Korea University  Seoul"},{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Samsung Medical Center  Seoul"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung Hwan","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Samsung Medical Center  Seoul"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyeyoung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Samsung Medical Center  Seoul"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaeman","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bio\u2010convergence Engineering Korea University  Seoul"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiwon","family":"Sung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bio\u2010convergence Engineering Korea University  Seoul"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youngyih","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine  Seoul"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung Jae","family":"Huh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine  Seoul"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin Sung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology College of Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center  Seoul"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong Wook","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong  Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myonggeun","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bio\u2010convergence Engineering Korea University  Seoul"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/IGC.0000000000000048"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1438.2007.00895.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2004.04.063"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(91)90007-Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19830301)51:5<959::AID-CNCR2820510533>3.0.CO;2-K"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19901215)66:12<2451::AID-CNCR2820661202>3.0.CO;2-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(91)90142-Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(98)00482-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/jcb.2013.39453"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(11)70061-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(20000115)88:2<398::AID-CNCR22>3.0.CO;2-V"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icrp.2007.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4748332"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","volume-title":"Health risks from exposure to low levels of ionizing radiation: BEIR VII Phase 2","author":"National Research Council (U. 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