{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T06:04:11Z","timestamp":1790143451338,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Acoustical Society of America (ASA)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The current investigation studied whether adults, children with normally developing language aged 4\u20135 years, and children with specific language impairment, aged 5\u20136 years identified vowels on the basis of steady-state or transitional formant frequencies. Four types of synthetic tokens, created with a female voice, served as stimuli: (1) steady-state centers for the vowels [i] and [\u00e6]; (2) voweless tokens with transitions appropriate for [bib] and [b\u00e6b]; (3) \u201ccongruent\u201d tokens that combined the first two types of stimuli into [bib] and [b\u00e6b]; and (4) \u201cconflicting\u201d tokens that combined the transitions from [bib] with the vowel from [b\u00e6b] and vice versa. Results showed that children with language impairment identified the [i] vowel more poorly than other subjects for both the voweless and congruent tokens. Overall, children identified vowels most accurately in steady-state centers and congruent stimuli (ranging between 94%\u201396%). They identified the vowels on the basis of transitions only from \u201cvoweless\u201d tokens with 89% and 83.5% accuracy for the normally developing and language impaired groups, respectively. Children with normally developing language used steady-state cues to identify vowels in 87% of the conflicting stimuli, whereas children with language impairment did so for 79% of the stimuli. Adults were equally accurate for voweless, steady-state, and congruent tokens (ranging between 99% to 100% accuracy) and used both steady-state and transition cues for vowel identification. Results suggest that most listeners prefer the steady state for vowel identification but are capable of using the onglide\/offglide transitions for vowel identification. Results were discussed with regard to Nittrouer's developmental weighting shift hypothesis and Strange and Jenkin's dynamic specification theory.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1349428","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T14:21:16Z","timestamp":1027693276000},"page":"1173-1180","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Vowel perception by adults and children with normal language and specific language impairment: Based on steady states or transitions?"],"prefix":"10.1121","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Joan E.","family":"Sussman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communicative Disorders and Sciences, University at Buffalo, 105 Cary Hall, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, New York 14214"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"231","reference":[{"key":"2023071402051209500_ans89"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023071402051209500_ber00","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03206928","article-title":"Noise increment detection in children 1 to 3 years of age","volume":"62","year":"2000","journal-title":"Percept. 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